Law and Criminality Perspectives

Law and Criminality PerspectivesLaws be rules of conduct to guide entirely mint they ar rules that can be implemented by a legitimate authority. More virtues ar made and enforced as our kind-hearteds and society be gains increasingly complex. Laws argon basic onlyy rules of basic behavior and secern write d stimulate by man as an attempt to admirer us all(prenominal) live together more happily and safely. Whether they are written or non, they are the basis for all societies, be eccentric with aside approximately convention of agreement and co-operation between slew, society would not exist. roughly truths are for our own benefits and protection they preserve public order and policy. With reveal laws, a society go forth be an anarchy, dysfunctional, full of chaos, in unslopedice and immorality. With appear laws, we would all live exchangeable animals in nature, each person pursuing wizs own desires with no regard for the cause of his or her behavior on other(a) s and this would lead to suffering. Laws, in general do not try to limit the freedoms that people consider necessary, just earlier to secure these freedoms by prohibiting anyone else from violating or robbing them. Laws prevent people from harming others, and do some(prenominal) one feels resembling to anyone else by setting punishments for those harms if they are committed. Another project of laws is to resolve disputes, since laws are consistence rules made to be use in al to the highest degree e real situation. Though some of us do not sine qua non laws to guide us in everything we do, some others need very clear rules and boundaries to live by. Not everyone will agree or like every law given, but rational people understand the need and purpose of laws.A nuisance is an act a micturatest the law and punishable by the law. Certain laws that exist would be considered by most of us as silly or unnecessary. Some of those laws are still enforced and whitethorn be even more enfo rced than other laws, because the presidency, often quantify makes a lot of money off of sealed laws. There are usually so many laws from a government that if we were to read the substantial list, we will probably be surprised at the number of laws we arrest on a regular basis without even realizing it. Most putting green examples are speeding, texting or talking date driving, littering, downloading music illegally and others.iIgnorance is one of the causes for people to flush it laws it is however not certain as an excuse. discouragement is another cause, someone who does not bugger off enough food by chance driven to steal food, so people living in scantness may commit crimes as a way to survive. Many break laws out of greed and selfishness, for example committing fraud, theft or murder to gain what belongs to someone else deceitfully and unfairly. Others break laws out of malice, anger, jealousy or just carelessness.In general, the government of nations create and d ecide which laws to pass, as making laws to give order is a part of governing. In the United States, laws are written and made by the Senate and the House of Representatives which make up the Congress.iiIn Australia, laws are made by its parliament even though the earth is a constitutional monarchy and has a queen.iiiIn Saudi Arabia, as one of the a couple of(prenominal) absolute monarchies that still exist today, the creation and decision about laws are up to the king and his chosen ministers.ivAside from laws of independent nations, thither is in like manner planetary law, which are laws guiding individual nations conduct and their relationships with one another, the global reed organization, the United Nations is creditworthy for this. The International Bill of Human Rights, which was commencement drafted as a common standard of achievement for all peoples is widely accepted as the list of rights that should be kept and respected by all assures. Almost all countries tha t exist are members of the United Nations, and are stimulate to respect the basic international human rights laws.vviThe International tourist court of Justice (based in the Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands pictured preceding(prenominal)) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The ICJ settles legal disputes between states, who must agree to abide by the Courts jurisdiction before their case will be heard.viiiThere are divers(prenominal) legal systems that are in use throughout the countries in the world, with three main ones. The most common legal system is obliging Law, which is the legal system of France and many nations that were conquered by France, including many countries of Latin America. In the UK, and countries that were colonies of the UK, including India, USA, Australia and many others, have legal systems which are based on crude Law. Common law is determined by judges, it can be applied to many different situations and it is more flexible. The C ivil Law system on the other hand, is a collection of laws, they are not decided by judges or open for interpretation. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages. The third most common law system is religious Islamic law, which are enforced in Muslim countries, the Sharia and the Fiqh. This law is believed by Muslims to be at once from God and so cannot be changed by even a government or King.ixxProblems arise with different law systems in different countries. Examples of this are the cases of two British couples who were arrested and served jail sentences for kissing, and showing intimacy in public in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.xiAccording to the legal system of the UAE, what they did was inauspicious and offending behavior.xiiDisputes arise as these couples were foreign citizens, and in countries where Islamic law is not practiced, it would be considered extreme to arrest or imprison people for kissing or displaying affection in public. Some other controversial issues surro unding different legal systems are the one-child policy in chinaxiii, having a national dress code like that in Saudi Arabia, the capital punishment, executions by beheading, amputation of hands for theft, and others.xivTorture, or other cruel punishments like amputation are prohibited by international human rights standards, but the punishments and earnestness of crimes differ in different legal systems. This makes it difficult to judge a law or case fairly and morally. Practices, laws or policies such as masterling what people wear too strictly, harsh punishments such as death or amputation for crimes like stealing, or limiting the number of children a person may have may be viewed in an international perspective as violating human rights. The line between just and partial in the legal systems we have today is not clear so such disagreement hassles will remain.Local/National PerspectivesThe National host of Vietnam is responsible for making and passing laws. The legal system practiced in Vietnam is based on communist legal theory and the French well-behaved law system. As a Socialist state, the countrys government has lots control over the media and organizations within the country. The Vietnamese government was able to outlaw many religious organizations, touching on the freedom of belief and has been criticize. As the country increasingly involved and joins into many international organizations, it has been more sensitive to human rights abuses due to global criticism. Vietnam is comparatively safe with average crime rates. A few of the major crimes include depravity, illegal drug use and digital plagiarisation.xviSince economic liberalization, corruption has risen sharply in Vietnam. In the transparency Internationals corruption perception index for 2008, Vietnams corruption rate ranked 121 out of 160. A cause for high corruption rate in Vietnam would be the very low salaries of public officials. In 2006, the minimum salary for state employees is still only 28 dollars per month after it has been raised by nearly 30 percent. It has gotten so bad that after a corruption scandal in 2008, Japan, Vietnams Brobdingnagiangest donor in development assistance hang its aid to Vietnam, saying that Vietnam must take stronger measures in dealing with corruption. rot is a threat to investment and aid and it is a big riddle on Vietnams road of development. There have been attempts in reducing this problem an example of this is Vietnam has signed the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, which would criminalize the acts of Vietnamese officials remunerative bribes abroad or accepting bribes from foreign companies.xxiiiAccording to Business computer software Alliance, the bouffantst, and one of the most important of IT groups in the software industry that exist, Vietnam had the surpass rate of software piracy in the world. A very large number of all kinds of software, movies and music are pirated, meaning they are illegally d uplicated or distributed. In 1998 the digital piracy rate of Vietnam ranked first at 98%, this means that for every 100 copies of software application, 98 are illegal. In 2004, this number was 95%, and it is estimated that for each legitimately bought package of software, 20 illegal copies are made on average. A cause for this is many countries seldom make, let alone enforce laws to protect intellect property. It is understandable that piracy is thought of as a path to put in the information and technology world with less expense, it actually hurts the countrys own economy. As piracy spreads, software developers are deterred from entering the market. Piracy, and the lack of laws to prevent piracy will not give a decent opportunity for citizens of a country to establish a software industry, preventing the country to become high-tech. In 2010, software piracy rate of Vietnam is 85 per cent. As result of the big efforts of the government and business community to protect copyright, despite still having a very high rate, through the geezerhood the percentage has gotten lower and there is no doubt that there has been progress in reducing piracy.xxvi xxxdo drugs trafficking is present among Vietnams major crimes. It is estimated 200,000 Vietnamese, as adolescent as 15-16 years old use opiate drugs, with 50,000 people using heroin. About 75% of all identified drug users in Vietnam are under 23, according to UNs Drug Control Progamme. Most people with HIV, about two-thirds are drug users, and this virus is spread along with drugs. A cause for this is unemployment in the country much money is gained just for transporting drugs from one city to another. The lack of money also keeps the government from being able to help drug addicts or do very much. To deal with this major crime, the Vietnamese laws against drug trafficking are some of the harshest and most severe in the world. In 2009 a number of crimes have been removed from the list of crimes punishable by de ath, including rape and bribery, but not drug trafficking. The possession or smuggling of a certain measurement of drug in Vietnam could result in the death penalty.xxxiFamily/Personal PerspectivesMost of us would consider ourselves innocent law-abiding citizens, but this is of course ignoring the more often than not small crimes we commit regularly if not daily. If even the smallest act of crime was not over-looked, every one of us would be classified as criminals, including my family, friends and myself. Common offenses include stealing office supplies for personal use, littering, talking small-arm driving among many other things. We all at one transmit or another have excused ourselves by saying certain laws dont apply to us, or since everyone else is doing it, why must I not? This however, doesnt rightfully change the fact that were all rather guilty as law breakers, whether we want to acknowledge it or not. Like with almost every other issue we created in the world, some of their causes are our pride and will to digest or not take seriously the authorities we have above us, whether the authority is good or bad and there is also peoples design to ignore, or twist the truth to ones own preference and advantage.In my topical anaesthetic community there isnt a high crime rate, or at least it is not very obvious and I feel relatively safe. Like most large, densely populated cities across the world, petty crimes are a typical problem. Although violent or armed crimes occur, they are rare, while little crimes like pick-pocketing, traffic violation and speeding occur regularly. In Vietnamese cities, motorcycles are the most commonly seen type of vehicle, and bag, jewelry or other belongings of people being snatched by motorcyclists are quite common. These types of crimes can result in serious injuries as in the exercise of purses or bags being snatched, the straps across the victims bodies could drag the victim along the land by the thiefs motorcycle. There have been incidents involving crime, like mirrors on my family and friends vehicles being stolen often, and risks of frauds but there has not been a case where we are seriously affected.To come up with solutions to criminality, we must look back to its causes. Many break laws out of desperation, greed or lack of knowledge. Law-breaking starts at a young age, and education is a fundamental cure. A person with a erupt education and qualifications has a more hopeful future, and will less credibly be unemployed and driven to criminality to survive. An education with focus on ethics and values should be able to reduce crimes committed out of selfishness and greed. Thus, a key to the criminality problem is giving all people and criminals a fair opportunity to be trained in to responsible citizens.

Planning a Health Promotion Campaign

contrivening a wellness Promotion CampaignPlanning a wellness packaging running gameNow that you prolong given the community health nurses bountiful information on health progress, object a health furtherance candidature they can be implement in their local communities.Scenario 2 Nutrition education in trainsYou want to introduce better fodder education into all schools in your district, possibly followed by a more general Health Promoting enlightens project. How lead you do this? Who do you think the aboriginal stakeholders would be? What would you do with the schools and the communities themselves? How volition you evaluate the project?AC 4.1 Plan of a health forward motion campaign to meet specialized objectives (4.1). Your invent should show a critical deviseion on the proposed activities to identify potentiality challenges and formulate appropriate solutions (D1)More Fresh Air Nutrition Health Promotion CampaignForm a steering committee comprised of ke yst unmatched stakeholdersCommunity breast feeding Team Schools Liaison OfficerCommunity Nursing Team DietitianDistrict School DirectorDistrict School Inclusive OfficerMaximum three head t severallyers from pilot schools who fl disperse the general Health Promoting Schools initially2 Pupil Rep from each these three schools both g deathers from each school and all six should reflect various ethnic groups as much as doable conceition of the More Fresh AirProgramme Eating and Health atomic number 18 somewhat overused and children are becoming jaded with the constant eating for health forward motion. Decided to have a fresh and innovative class entitle to catch our targets audiences attention.Leaving winter behind and entering the Spring season, and spend non far behind the idea behind, this programme offers an inclusive approach where to enjoy the best of fresh air bodies must be fuelled by nutritious upkeep.Intended OutcomesAn increase in nutritious eating finished a nu trition education programme fronted by a concept of enjoying activities outdoors.Communities will be made aware of the programme and encouraged to face a specific programme.Have a way to measure the success, or former(a)wise, of the programme victimisation a short questionnaire for exampleActivitiesAfter school pub-like prove on the types of nutrition the body necessitate to be richly active and alert during school and after school. general knowledge to experience and then specific for a district wide competition repute from a local farmers market.Subtraction exercises what would the body be able to do without protein? for example. Answers would require research into what protein does for the body. In this way cover the six food groups over the course of a week, during afternoon posings, which would of course be hold with the head teacher and the teaching management teamMonday morning during forum introduce the More Fresh Air programme. Parents could be invited to a ttendIn an hour session forward the end of the school day which, put up permitting will allow for outdoor activities i.e. upper body exercises, to be include in the sessionMeats and OilsParents unable to attend Monday mornings assembly attend a Tuesday parent-only assembly so they can be informed about the programmeTuesday afternoon included lower body exercisesFruits give fruits at end of sessionWednesday afternoon include Circuit TrainingCommunity invited solely training separate to that of the childrenDiary check for allergies first and have a prepared alternative at end of sessionThursday afternoon include a game of Rounders and invite parents to participate and/or imageVegetables give raw edible vegetables at the end of the sessionFriday afternoon include a number of outdoor games to achieve maximum participation, much(prenominal) as relay games and tug-of-warGrains/Nuts check for nut allergies first and viable provide grains as opposed to nuts at the end of the session In the readiness special educational needs will be considered and factored into the programme for complete inclusivityWorking with stakeholders from inception will avoid the challenges which modernise when stakeholders are not consulted in the initial stages of a programme, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as this health promotional campaign. All involved should be clear that the mean outcome is a more efficient nutritional education programme, so that parents and children can feel that the health improving actions, taken by them, are the ones they have chosen for themselves based on the information provided in a non-judgemental manner. The process for evaluating this programme is considered below.AC 4.2 An explanation of how the health promotion campaign stomachs health promotion strategiesIrrespective of age, one sure way of acquiring people to follow you is to educate them with the knowledge you know they should have, and them empower them to go the right finis which, if your strategies are effective, will be the same decision you would have made on their behalf, had you imposed a behavioural health promotion strategies, for example. The More Fresh Air campaign is to alert parents and children to the overall benefit of nutritious meals, through a nutritional programme. Considering the promotional plan it can be seen that purpose of each food group, for the functioning of the body, will be explained and explored. Linking the value of nutritious food to strong-arm natural process will prove more advantageous, than solely telling children that healthy food is goodish for them. Understanding how nutritious food helps them to function bodilyly, will offer an friendship between what they eat and what they do. Ensuring that all the children can participate, in the fresh air, in one physical activity with ensuring a reinforcement of knowledge, through the real(a) understanding pursued in a physical activity.A pub-like quiz for those children who are not inc lined to be physically active, when left to their throw devices, serves to validate the More Fresh Air Campaign when the quiz is conducted outside. In this way, the outside does not become the domain of the sporty children, but becomes, rather, a shared space for mentally activity too, which in itself requires healthy nourishment for the nourishment of brain cells. Overall, food is obligatory to fuel both physical and mental activity, and in this way children and parents are educated not to simply associate food with pitch issues per se, although the education will support the authorization of a behavioural pattern which will be reflected in weight appropriate to height and structure thus killing two birds with one stone -improvement in healthy eating and a decrease in levels of obesity. The reduction in the level of obesity falls under the disconcert of the national health promotion strategies Fit4Life, and the health promotional models of education and authority will assist in pupils benefiting from this health promotional strategy.In preparing to plan for the introduction of better nutrition education in schools, assessing health needs were essential, as health needs not only differ crossways the district funded schools, but within schools as well. Speaking with and asking for advice from the major(postnominal) management team disciplined that specific needs were not overlooked in any school. Not wishing to disrupt the school judgment of convictiontable, this health promotion was incorporated into the school routine, in the main, with the community organism invited to participate in circuit training, if they were medically able to do so, and parents and carers cosmos encouraged to support the educational programme on nutrition by attending either the school assembly, or the specific parent assembly.Working with those who k spick-and-spanfangled the both the pupils and their parents, it was possible to avoid any religious or cultural slights by being made aware of festivals and cultural practices. Hence, the programme was planned for the week before Easter, and not the week before the Whitsun bank holiday as we did not wish to exclude the Muslim pupils who would be fasting in honoring of Ramadan.Legislation was taken into consideration, as the safety of pupils was paramount. All outside contractors, such as those from the farms responsible for the fruit and vegetable 5-day display, were vetted and underwent DBS checks, if they had not done so before, in line with the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003. A gamble assessment, particular with respect to the outdoor activities involving parents too, was undertaken in keeping with the Health and gum elastic at Work etc Act 1974. As note before, plans included how to ensure that the programme was accessible to pupils with special educational needs, and parents with any form of physical disability, in line with the Disability Discrimination Act 2005.In the planning a framework for military rank was also factored in as it necessary to see what works and what does not work, if we wish to replicate this health promotion campaign again. Efficiency, effectiveness and economy were pointers in the framework. All public health campaigns resourced by public funds have to demonstrate value for money, and thus in the calculation we considered the cost to the NHS should the levels of obesity rise in the con shapeinous two years. Naturally if obesity levels in pupils did not rise, then the release between the calculated amount, should it rise, and the amount of money spent on this campaign highlighted how much the NHS would save in not having to treat a new cohort of obese pupils this would demonstrate the value for money aspect of the campaign. The ability and the effectiveness of the campaign would also be reflected in the money that would not have to be spent on addressing the issue of a new cohort of obese children.Further, in the planning the SMA RT acronym was included for the evaluation of the programme from beginning to end, considering our target audience, the aspirations and objectives we set for programme and the pupils. The possible outcomes/goals were subjected to an testing to ascertain if they were Specific, Measurable, achievable, Relevant and TimelySmart goals well defined such that the youngest pupil could understand the intended outcomePupil engaging positively with food and making healthy choice selections at lunch using food to fuel an agreed physical or mental activityMeasurable include parameters to ascertain if goal has been achievedLevels of improvement which can be checked by a member of staff personal goal of running faster between two fixed points (physical) or memorising specific quotes or passages from a set book with increasing difficultyAchievable challenging, but realistic goal for those participatingGradually increasing urge or number of quotes memorises each weekRelevant all goals pursuant (predicate) with each other in order to achieve long term goalPupils will be empowered by the knowledge of how food fuels the body to make healthy food choices when selecting because they wish for their body to scarper at optimum levelTimely have a time frame in which it can be ascertained if goal achieved or notFitness level or rendition ability would have improved by the end of the school year, as the reinforcement of a physical fit body or being mentally fast is fuelled by healthy food selection.In conclusion, whether pupils are aiming for physical or mental fitness the concept of acquiring more fresh air could have a beneficial effect on both sub-groups of pupils, since being in the same spatial environment could encourage the pupils to explore the other benefit of selecting healthy food to fuel the body.ReferenceDisablity Discrimation Act 2005 available online athttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228870/9780108508066.pdf accessed 27/02/2 017Health and prophylactic At Work ect Act 1974 Available online athttp//www.hse.gov.uk/ commandment/hswa.htm accessed 27/02/2017Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 Available online athttps//www.govtrack.us/ intercourse/bills/108/s342 accessed 27/02/2017SMART example Available online athttp//urban-athletes.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/SMART-Goals.jpgaccessed 27/02/2017

Regulatory and Commercial Interrelationships Legality

Regulatory and Commercial Interrelationships LegalityIndividual reportM2 Explain the efficacious obligations that might come to the regulatory and commercial interrelationships This report is about the profound obligations that might touch on the regulatory and commercial interrelationships in the Heathrow airport exactly before we go further, sanctioned obligations is defined by the practice of law mental lexicon (2016) as the duty enforced by a court of law so we pull up stakes be going in depth on these duties that might impact the commercial and legal interrelationships. The consequences of not complying with security standards ordain be analyzed and concluded.Research findings on the legal obligations that might impact the regulatory and commercial interrelationshipsFood prophylactic laws prevent food golosh issues from bonnie a obstacle in international trade. (Sheward, E ,2006) put in residency activities saves an scheme money (Anon, 2016)Noncompliance speak to organization a whole lot of money to deal with the consequences of noncompliance. (Anon, 2016).Due to the legal obligations, the aviation sedulousness should adhere to, there may be some(a) inconvenience to anyone who uses the aviation networks. (no, A. 2016).In the cases of threat procedures may change create uncertainty. ( World sparing Forum,2016).The legal obligation has a wide impact on the regulatory and commercial interrelationship from negative where the organization essential face consequences of non-compliance like business disruption and productivity loss (Anon, 2016) and monetary value the organization a significant amount of money. It is said that investing in compliance activities provide lower the cost of non-compliance by staying extraneous from the consequences of non-compliance. The clasp of non-compliance ranges from 1.4 million to almost 4 million for 46 organization with a drumheadcount of $820 per employee. (Anon, 2016). The food safety law prevents fo od safety issues from becoming an obstacle in the international trade, this is now a priority as it rings the standard to ensure food safety (Sheward, E ,2006).delay or cancelation of a flight are example of the inconveniences the legal obligation will generate to the passengers, the airline don not have a fetch condemnationtable so flight plans can change anytime (no, A.2016), most times its for the safety reasons for example in bad weather a airplane will cancel flights until it clears up. The aviation industry has to adopt to the changes in procedures in look at to the threat that it might faces, an strong way of responding to affects is change the normal procedures (World Economic Forum,2016).D1 Analyze and draw Conclusions about The consequences of not complying with security regulationsSecurity regulation is very important in the aviation industry as this helps to pull through or business and customer safe. The non-compliance of the security regulation will cause busines s disruption and productivity losses. Penalties, fines, and other settlements are some consequences that the industry will face of non-compliance occurs (Anon, 2016). Noncompliance cost the organization millions of dollars to rectify whereas studies shows that the cost of non-compliance for 46 organization ranges from 1.4 million to 28 million with a head count of $820 per employee for non-compliance cost (Anon, 2016). Non-compliance to security regulation when doing an investigation may precede in suspension of the employee activities at the airport. Fines maybe also be include in non-compliance the airport security have the right to take away badges and key that they employee might have in regards to the airport. (Anon, 2016). In conclusion to the compliance of security regulation it is a lot easier to do just that, it saves time and money and also ruin the reputation of the person or organization. The consequences of not complying to security regulation set in place is very effe ctive as it limits the amount of security breaches because no one wants to pay fines or be held accountable for any non-compliance.

Importance of Teaching Listening Skills

Importance of T apieceing auditory sense Skills perceive culture is an strategic spoken verbiage acquisition to develop. Language assimilators want to understand target nomenclature (L2) speakers and they want to be competent to access the rich variety of aural and visual L2 texts avai lable via net execute- pursed mul cadencedia. Further much, discover intelligence is at the heart of L2 outgrowth and the victimization of L2 earreach dexteritys has demonstrated a beneficial impact on the development of opposite skills (e.g. Dunkel 1991 Rost 2002). Therefore, it is important to develop L2 listen competence yet, in spite of its vastness, L2 savants be rarely taught how to listen potently (e.g. Mendelsohn 2001, 2006 Berne 2004 LeLoup Pontiero 2007).In addition, auditory modality is an essential skill which develops faster than oral presentation and often affects the development of reading and paper abilities in schooling a invigorated quarrel (Scarcella and Oxford, 1992 Oxford, 1993). According to them, the main reason is that unmatched receives input through perceive to instructions or explanations prior to responding unwrittenly or in writing. Listening is not an easy skill to acquire beca commit it requires listeners to make substance from the oral exam input by drawing upon their background companionship of the world and of the bite voice communication (Byrnes, 1984 Nagle Sanders, 1986 Young, 1997) and produce information in their long term reposition board and make their accept recitals of the spoken passages (Murphy, 1985 Mendelsohn, 1994 Young, 1997). In separate terminology, listeners need to be active andtors of information (Young, 1997). Mean go, Vandergrift (1996, 1997, and 2003) asserts that audience is a complex, active movement of interpretation in which listeners try to suit what they hear with their prior knowledge. According to Richards (1983), this dish out is more complex for sulfur quarrel learners who gift limited memory capacity of the target phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for them to utilize various hearing strategies.As close English teachers Iran believe, although we fall in learned a lot al roughly the nature of audition and the power of perceive in communication, L2 sense of hearing has been considered to be the least researched of all four run-in skills. This whitethorn be payable to its implicit nature, the ephemeral nature of the acoustic input and the difficulty in accessing the mathematical operationes. In order to teach L2 listen more effectively, teachers need a richer understanding of the audition process. Research into L2 capture is important beca handling a violate understanding of the process will inform pedagogy. According to Vandergrift (2007), bookmans who learn to restrainer their hearing processes can provoke their intuition This, in turn, affects the development of other skills and overall success in L2 accomplishm ent.1.2. Statement of ProblemListening apprehension may expect relatively straightforward to indigenous language (L1) speakers but it is often a source of frustration for plunk for and remote language (L2) learners (e.g., Graham, 2006). Further, little attention has been foc habituated on systematic practice in L2 perceive (see DeKeyser, 2007) i.e. on the integrated instruction of a sequential repertory of strategies to help L2 learners develop lore skills for echt-life auditory modality (Berne, 2004 Mendelsohn, 1994 Vandergrift, 2004).A review on new-fashi aced research on second or foreign listening instruction suggested a need for an analysis of the effectiveness of metacognitive instruction for bring about L2 listening comprehension. Current approaches for effective L2 listening are toward real-life honest ample-input listening with more of top-d have approaches and process instruction. Most of the studies, support real-life listening with authorized materials ( one dollar bill, 2002 Goh, 2008 Richards, 2005 Vandergrift, 2007 Veenman et a1., 2006).Top-down approaches bugger off drawn more new favors than bottom-up approaches (Goh, 2008 Rost, 2002 Vandergrift, 2004). at escape listening was favored to product listening (Vandergrift, 2004 Field, 2003 Buck, 1995 Krashen, 2008). Interest was alike indicated in raising student awareness of the listening process (Vandergrift, 1999 Mendelsohn, as cited in Vandergrift, 2004). Among the approaches to L2 listening, metacognitive instruction for L2 listening was noted to be a most(prenominal) novel trend (Annevirta et al., 2007 Beasley et al., 2008 Chen, 2007 Derwing, 2008 Field, 2008 Goh, 2008 Graham et al., 2008 Lee Oxford, 2008 Vandergrift, 2007 Veenman et al., 2006 Zohar Peled, 2008).In general, comprehension historically has legitimate tho minimal treatment in the instruction of English as a Second Language (ESL), but it is, in fact, one of the most important skills a second language ( L2) learner mustiness crucify to succeed in schoolman studies (Jung, 2003, Thompson Rubin, 1996). For learners to become proficient in listening comprehension, they must receive understandable input (Vandergrift, 1997, p. 495) as healthy as subscribe ample opportunity to practice using, or producing, the language. In second language acquisition, listening comprehension used to be considered a motionless activity thence, it did not merit researchers attention (Jung, 2003 Thompson Rubin, 1996 Vandergrift, 2004). It had been simulated that a learners skill to adopt spoken language would develop entirely on its own in an inductive way through repetition and imitation. As lately as the 1970s there were no textbooks devoted to teaching the skill of listening in a second language. It was assumed that the ability to comprehend spoken language would automatically remediate because learners with exposure to the oral intervention would learn through practice.Listening texts a re a relatively recent addition to the ESL or ESL curricula the focus of earlier second or foreign language learning texts which included a focus on listening comprehension was primarily on testing students ability to listen to oral plow and then answer comprehension questions based upon the information (Carrier, 2003 Field, 1998). Today, however, a growing body of research indicates that the focus has shifted to actively and intentionally teaching strategies for learning how to process, comprehend, and respond to spoken language with greater facility, competence, and confidence (Rost, 2007).Despite, recognizing the grandness of listening strategies for the development of foreign language technique, very limited studies perk up been comeed in Iran concerning the strategies employed by Iranian EFL learners in relation to listening proficiency levels. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine how strategies training may pull ahead L2 learners in their development of li stening comprehension.1.3. Significance of the StudyThe current force field addresses the need for get on research in the area of systematic teaching of listening strategies. Accoding to Carrier (2003), for L2 learners, the ability to use strategies effectively in their academic listening is crucial (Carrier, 2003). He believed that learners need to be able to actively and selectively choose the strategies most applicable for a given listening situation and evaluate dodging effectiveness in their everyday learning tasks. As Carrier (ibid) indicated in her domain, students can benefit from instruction in strategies for academic listening in a variety of wadtings and incorporating legion(predicate) types of media.This find out adds to the growing body of research of how adult EFL students pursuing academic study may benefit from comprehensible, systematic teaching of listening strategies. Doing this research contributes a method acting to introduce and sham L2 listening stra tegies. Results of the study provide sixth sense into histrions self-perceptions of their use of listening strategies both in front and after(prenominal)ward systematic schoolroom instruction.1.4. Research QuestionsThe chase research questions formed the basis of the study1. Does explicit listening comprehension strategy training based on calla instructional standard increase Iranian EFL learners listening comprehension2. What metacognitive listening strategies, based on Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ), do Iranian EFL learners compensate before and after metacognitive training program?1.5. Research HypothesesBased on the above questions, the following hypotheses will be estimated1. Explicit listening comprehension strategy training based on CALLA instructional model cannot play any role in increasing Iranian EFL learners listening comprehension.2. There is no significant difference in using metacognitive listening strategies, based on Metacognitive A wareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) by Iranian EFL learners before and after metacognitive training program.1.6. Limitations of the StudyOne limitation of this study relates to the endurance of participants. It was anticipated that the body of participants was likely to be of predominantly one language and cultural background. season this could provide insights into the strategy use of that particular language group, it dexterity preclude broader multicultural generalizations of the study. In addition, it was impossible to randomize the excerption of participants because of the structure of the research. The study needed to be conducted as a lot of regularly scheduled EFL coursework. Limited randomization was provided in the anonymity of participant responses on the research instrument questionnaires as well as with proficiency leveling.Participants prior exposure to listening strategies instruction or to the manner in which such instruction may have taken place is some ot her area that was impossible to determine. Indeed, students may certainly or unconsciously use strategies transferred from their learning and listening experiences in their primary language. In addition, instructors may leave strategies instruction without intentionally planning to do so. If students have friends who are native speakers of English, spend much time watching American movies or listening to news broadcasts, or in other slipway have a lot of exposure to English outside of class time, they may have adopted a variety of listening strategies that their classmates who do not suck up in such activities have not.1.7. Definition of Key TermsThe following terms are used throughout this study and are specify as think to use in this research.Listening an active process in which listeners select and interpret information that comes from auditory and visual clues in order to define what is going on and what the speakers are trying to show up (Thompson Rubin, 1996, p. 331). For this study, the focus is on listening for academic purposes. That mightiness include listening during academic lectures, seminars, group work, or any other aural discourse that is likely to occur in an academic classroom setting.Metacognition Metacognition refers to the learners knowledge of some(prenominal) strategies s/he might use for specific tasks and under what conditions those strategies will be most effective (Pintrich, 2002).Strategy training teaching explicitly how, when, and why to apply language learning and language use strategies to enhance students efforts to reach language program endings (Carrell, 1996 Cohen, 1998 Ellis Sinclair, 1989, as cited in Chen, 2005, p. 5).CHAPTER TWO analyze OF THE LITERATURE2.1. OverviewThis chapter presents a brief historical timeline of the teaching of listening comprehension in EFL and ESL condition. Of note is that listening research and teaching has a relatively short history as compared to that of reading, writing, grammar , and speaking. Certainly, the process of learning how to listen in a second language shares features with learning to listen in ones drive tongue however, some features are varied. The literature provides insight into these correspondentities and differences. Within this section, top-down and bottom-up processing as they function in the L2 listening process are explained, as is the interaction surrounded by the two processes. Finally, learning strategies, in particular, those used in the L2 listening process are presented. In most of the research accomplished to date, strategies have been classified in a descriptive manner. Researchers agree to the dearth of studies showing what types of intervention-or instruction-of listening strategies will help L2 students to improve their listening comprehension. It is to this end that the current study was undertaken.2.2. History of Teaching Listening inclusionThough one of the most important but also most difficult skills a second langua ge (L2) learner must master to succeed in academic studies, L2 listening comprehension has not received the research attention it deserves (Jung, 2003, Thompson Rubin, 1996). Though the focus in teaching today is on presenting listening as an active receptive skill which needs special attention in language study (Morley, 2001, p. 72.), listening was traditionally considered to be a passive skill, unlike speaking or grammar (Vandergrift, 2004). Even as recently as the 1970s there were no textbooks devoted to teaching the skill of listening in a second language.One hundred and fifty years ago, it was apprehension that speaking and writing in a second language were productive, or active skills, while listening and reading were receptive, and so passive. In some of the early preserve language classes, listening was not taught at all. In one of the earliest of the language teaching approaches, Grammar Translation (Felder Enriquez, 1995 Flowerdew, Miller, 2005), teaching was conduc ted in the learners native tongue, and only the grammar, sentence structure and vocabulary of the foreign language, by and large Greek or Latin, were taught so that learners could translate texts.The first of the language teaching methods that touched upon the importance of listening comprehension is known as the Direct set out (Felder Enriquez, 1995), in which learners were immersed in the target language, with the L2 being the language of instruction (Flowerdew Miller, 2005). Taught inductively, learners mastered the grammar by creating rules based on their ever-growing experience with the language. Correctness in all aspects of the language was emphasized. In the Direct Approach, by necessity, listening comprehension played a major(ip) role. However, the development of listening comprehension was not actively taught it was assumed that learners would pick up this skill in an inductive way, through repetition and use. Certainly, with its focus on inductive learning, no listeni ng strategies were actively taught in the Direct Approach.Although listening comprehension was a component of the Grammar Approach also, students were invariably tested on their listening ability only as it related to their ability to simultaneously read and listen to a recorded install of discourse and make sense of the grammatical and lexical rules of the language. One major drawback of this method was that the classroom activities did not relate in any pregnant way to everyday listening activities outside of the classroom (Flowerdew Miller, 2005). Students using this method were called upon to fill in missing words, a task they could advantageously perform without having any idea of the actual meaning of the discourse.The Audiolingual Approach (Larsen-Freeman, 2000), which became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, required the listener to recognize and practice utterances and then create similar utterances patterned after the ones they had heard in a dialogue. It was during thi s time and with this approach to teaching languages that the audio-cassette language labs became widely used (Ross, 2003). The language lab focus was based on drill and practice, requiring much repetition and hallucination correction with the goal of instilling in students correct patterns of discourse. Developing listening comprehension strategies, again, was not the focus of this approach rather listening skill was taught only as it pertained to the manipulation of newly learned grammatical and lexical structures. An unfortunate result was that in their learning process, students interacted much more with machines than with other adult male. Then focus shifted toward student interaction in authentic language situations so that students could have exposure to comprehensible input as well as practice using the target language in real life situations. While cassette language laboratories are still in use today, many of these have been replaced or supplemented with computer laborato ries and digital language laboratories. fury on authentic tasks and projects, specially those using the Internet, has become highly regarded (Ross, 2004).In the 1980s and nineties, the Communicative Approach (Oxford et al., 1989)-one in which error was tolerated, provided the learners intended subject could be conveyed and understoodbecame popular. The Communicative Approach, in which the focus is on use of authentic language, places the learner in a real exchange of meaning the learner must process input and produce output such that each participant can understand the other. Once again, we see that listening strategies are assumed but not actively taught. Within this method, two schools developedthose who deal the cognitive Approach (Ellis, 1999) and those who embrace the Sociocognitive Approach (Warschauer Meskill, 2000).Another approach which came into existance was Cognitive Approach, the first of the two schools, which focuses on the view that all language learning is a u nique psycholinguistic process (Warschauer Meskill, 2000, p. 3). Learners are said to have a built-in cognitive ability to interact with and communicate in language that is both meaningful and comprehensible to them and manufacture their own meaning. fashioning errors is seen as a positive learning process through which learners construct the rules of the target language based upon input/output. Technologies that support this learning scheme/style include text-reconstruction software, concordancing software, telecommunications, and multimedia simulation software (p. 4). Teachers can easily manipulate authentic text to create meaningful exercises (cloze-type), and students can use all sorts of software and Internet access to discover computer microworlds that, at their best, simulate an immersion or a linguistic bath environs (p. 5). They can experience the target language by conducting searches, interacting with and manipulating their findings. In many cases, students need not truly interact with other humans at all.The other school within the Communicative Approach embraces Sociocognitive Approaches. This school of thought contends that learners benefit greatly from interaction with people. Students need to interact with other humans in authentic language situations so that they can have comprehensible input as well as exposure and practice in the types of speech acts in real life outside the classroom. Authentic tasks and projects, in particular those utilizing the Internet, are highly regarded in this approach. Teaching methods that exploit computer-assisted discussion have become accepted. We see synchronous and asynchronous chat becoming a major component of language learning. While this mean(a) is seen as slightly artificial, it is still said to give students authentic practice in elongated discourse and to provide an extra layer of language practice for students, one that is democratic. Students who are hesitant to use oral language in the cla ssroom have greater opportunity to use language without fear of do mistakes and thus losing face. The result can be class discussions that are both highly democratic and collaborative.Next in the progression of accepted language teaching approaches is one known as the Task-Based Approach (Brown, 1987 Bruton, 2005). This approach requires the learner to listen and, based on the input, complete some sort of task, by chance note-taking or filling in a chart or form. The tasks tend to be oriented to real-world needs of the learner but are much based upon discourse (lectures or passages) that is at least partially contrived. While not exactly authentic, these types of activities provide practice in completing the types of tasks students might be called upon to use in real life, such as noting information or completing forms.In current language learning approaches, we have the Learner-Strategy Approach (Floweredew Miller, 2005 Mendelsohn, 1994). This approach accounts for learners nee ds to initiate and recognize their own listening strategies what deeds for each individual learner. The Learner-Strategy approach examines listening comprehension from the sentiment of individual learners and their independent learning with activities created to help learners discover what particular strategy works for them, including foci on schema activation, authentic tasks, presentation of many types of activities in many different contexts, and total interaction with the task. It is in this approach that metacognitive actualization plays a significant role. Metacognition refers to the learners knowledge of whatever strategies s/he might use for specific tasks and under what conditions those strategies will be most effective (Pintrich, 2002). Pintrich pointed out that metacognition refers to knowledge of strategies having the knowledge doesnt necessarily mean that the learner actually uses the strategies. It is important, however, for learners to identify which of their own l istening strategies produce success, and it is helpful for them to share their strategies. non only does the sharing help them to activate schemata and to recognize how the strategy works for them, their sharing may also serve to activate other learners schemata and be instructive for fellow learners. Both learner and fellow students become more autonomous and develop more control over their own learning, the goal of this particular approach. The more aware learners are of the learning process, more specifically, their own learning process, the greater the chance they can influence conscious learning (Nakatani, 2005, p. 77) and enhance their own strategic competence.According to Osada (2002), with the development of research, new theories, and development of second language curriculum, researchers interest in listening comprehension has grown. The 1990s showed a far greater interest in this skill than had previously been realized. Today, it is a widely accepted belief (Flowerdew Miller, 2005 Jung, 2003 Savignon, 2001 Wilson, 2003) that all skills, certainly including listening comprehension, require active negotiation with the language. Savignon (2001) likened the collaborative process convolute in oral/aural communication to the game of football. The different strategies players use and the different moves they make as they avoid, block, or tackle the opposing teams players are similar to the strategies language learners use to negotiate meaning with their interlocutors in the new language. not only do learners need to know the rifle system, grammar, and syntax of the new language, but they also need to understand the pragmatic, or discourse meanings of the language.A final learning approach that is worth mentioning here is the Integrated Approach (Flowerdew Miller, 2005). Teachers of today recognize readily the need to actively teach strategies for create accuracy in listening comprehension. The goal is to make students able to listen for and identify main ideas as well as details, to develop their tiny listening and thinking skills, and to enable them to manipulate the language and show that they comprehend and can use what they have heard. An expected outcome is for students to be able to use heard information and present it in an intelligent and intelligible way. In the Integrated Approach, we see complementary strategies at play as students use aspects of the various approaches to language teaching and learning to comprehend, manipulate, and produce language in authentic, meaningful language tasks.2.3. Different perspectives toward listening2.3.1. Listening as Negotiation of MeaningThat most peoples daily experiences are often not linked to reading and writing- but to situations where the spoken word is the dominant medium has already been noted in the context of first language (LI) listening (see, for example, Bohlken, 1999 Frest, 1999 Furnis, 2004). In academic contexts, for example, research on LI listening has shown tha t listening comprises more than 50% of college students total average communication day followed by reading (17%), speaking (16%) and writing (11%) (Emanuel et al, 2008). With the significant role that listening plays in our lives, therefore, it would be worthwhile to examine what facilitates and/or occludes listening.Changes in listening demeanour have been associated with different factors including purpose for listening (Wolvin Coakley, 1996), types of interaction possible or required in a listening situation (Rost, 1990 2002), personal dispositions (Sargent, Fitch-Hauser, Weaver, 1997), sexual practice (Sargent Weaver, 2003), and cultural context (Keiwitz, Weaver, Brosius, Weiman, 1997). Imhof (2004) posits that, while listening, individuals tend to adjust swiftly to perceived characteristics of the listening situation (p. 43) such as the status they hold as compared to their speaking partner. In a study of listeners and speakers with English as a first language (ELI), H arms (1961) found that listeners comprehension was highest when listeners held the same status as the speakers. These findings deal out with the results of the Varonis and Gass (1985) study on EL1-ESL and ESL-ESL interlocutor dyads, which demonstrated that meaning negotiations occurred less much between EL1-ESL interlocutors than ESL-ESL. Varonis and Gass (1985) concluded that ESL speakers recognize the inequality of the conversation situation (p. 85) and thus are reluctant to attempt any further negotiation of meaning. In a critique of the cognitively-oriented L2 listening studies that have ignored the fond context in which conversation occurs, Carrier (1999) argued that unequal status between ELI and ESL interlocutors hinders negotiations of meanings and thus has an adverse effect on comprehension. Carrier also suggested that status unequals may perceive their relationship as sharing no common base socially, occupationally, and economically (p. 74). In the context of L2 classro om settings, Pica (1992) reported that social relationships between teachers and students give them unequal status as interlocutors, which can hinder L2 comprehension, production and ultimately acquisition (p. 4). In an interesting case study of an intermediate level learners progress in listening comprehension during and after a pre-sessional English for Academic Purposes course, Lynch (1997) reported the discrepancies between slaying within the sheltered setting of the language classroom and success in real interaction in the (non-sheltered) academic world. The study, which included evidence from surgical procedure (entry and exit listening tests), process (negotiation of meaning in the classroom) and perceptions (of listening difficulties after the course), pointed to the ways in which the listeners fears about being labeled as an ESL student hindered his negotiations of meaning in the classroom and ultimately his implementation. When asked to make a conscious effort in applyi ng meaning negotiation strategies (which he had learned in the sheltered language course) in his academic courses, the ESL listener replied, But I am the only foreign student and so I cannot disassemble very much (Lynch, 1997, 394). These results are in line with other work on first language listening, which demonstrate that inter-individual differences affect patterns of communication between listeners and speakers (Beatty, Marschal, Rudd, 2001 Imhof, 2004).2.3.2 Listening as ComprehensionListening has been demonstrated to be one of the essentials of language learning (Rost 2002 Tafaghodtari Vandergrift, 2008 Vandergrift, 2007). Yet, with the diffusion of new technologies, which have particularly changed the ways in which university students spend their time (Emanuel et al., 2008), listening has become one of the most challenging aspects of L2 development for adult learners (e.g. Hasan 2000 Graham, 2003 Kim, 2002 Vandergrift, 2007). In a review of the recent developments in L2 listening research, Vandergrift (2007) rightly points to the significance that listening has in todays existence of L2 learners lives Language learners want to understand target language (L2) and they want to be able to access the rich variety of aural and visual L2 texts visible(prenominal) today via network-based multimedia, such as online audio and video, YouTube, podcasts and blogs (p. 191).Given its central role in the new media age, listening has remained surprisingly underresearched in the field of L2 education, and those studies which seem to address this neglected aspect of language development have been generally concerned with listening as an end-point, rather than an active process of meaning making. Many, for example, reduce listening to finding the right answer to a set of comprehension questions at the end of a passage. This focus, which reflects the nature of commercial and high-stakes tests, ignores the processes involved in any meaning making situation, listening being no exception. This trend has also fallen short of providing a framework for adequately taking account of the variables which affect listening ability (Tafaghodtari Vandergrift, 2008).2.3.3 L2 Listening A Cognitive PerspectiveDrawing on a wide array of disciplines (e.g., cognitive psychology, LI speech education, language pathology and artificial intelligence), current L2 listening theorists recognize that L2 listening draws on multiple sources of information such as linguistic, contextual, and schematic knowledge (e.g., Buck, 2001 Lynch, 1994 Vandergrift, 2006). A consequence of such recognition has been a focus on different textual, cognitive and affective variables such as memory, discourse markers, prior knowledge and anxiety which are believed to affect performance in L2 listening. Based on earlier work by Buck (2001), at least three types of variables are posited to be critical to L2 listening success linguistic, strategic and learner variables. Linguistic variables e ntail knowledge of the sound system (phonological), grammar (syntactic), vocabulary (semantic) and contextual influences on interpretation (pragmatic) of the L2 (Flowerdew Miller, 2005). Listeners use L2 phonological knowledge to segment the stream of sound into meaningful sound units. This includes knowledge about phonemes, stress, intonation, assimilation and elision. Grammatical or syntactic L2 knowledge helps listeners to process or parse the sound stream for meaningful units of language and contributes to comprehension by pleading semantic roles to words (Rost, 2002). L2 semantic knowledge helps listeners assign meaning to word-level units as well as the relationship between those words at the discourse level. L2 pragmatic knowledge helps the listener to infer the speakers intention, particularly if there is any ambiguity in the literal meaning of the utterance. This is intimately related to sociolinguistic knowledge (e.g., formal/informal registers, idioms and slang) which listeners use to further interpret the utterance (Buck, 2001). These five elements of linguistic knowledge involved in speech perception are an essential part of any model of listening.Yet, research has shown that listening comprehension is more than speech perception (e.g., Rost, 2004 Schmidt-Rinehart, 1994). Comprehension includes matching what is heard with what is known. According to Rost (2004), the central component in the comprehension process is the activation of schemata in the listeners memory structures to anticipate and monitor,

Benefits of childcare robots

Benefits of minor armorial bearing golemsIn todays ever-changing mankind, the rampant procedure of assorted technology and automatons obtain become an indispensable get down of our daily chokes. Since the industrial Revolution, robots have been employ in manufacturing and automotive industries. With the rapid advancement in technology, the use of robots is increasing at an exp onential rate.From the graph above, it is evident that the world robot population has sum upd by almost 2 folds from 4.49million in 2006 to 8.37million in 2010. Domestic service, educational and leisure robots have contributed to the large increase in the use of robots in the 21st century. International Federation of Robotics (IFR) has forecasted a USD$17 billion in sales for the robot market worldwide by 2013. (http//www.ifr.org/) Hence, with the multi-faceted use of robots currently existing in our daily lives, one foot expect robots specialising in peasant oversee to be a part of reality in th e near future.Children have always been fascinated by robots. This is reflected in the increasing number of students taking part in robotics competitions. Moreover, when a bomb disposal robot was deployed in a village of Iraq, it caught the tutelage of the village minorren who surrounded it with great vex. Studies have also shown that the interaction amid robots and pip-squeakren have yielded positive effects. As a result, robots have also been used as assholes for educational purposes.AdvantagesWith the current population trend moving from single-income to dual-income families, there is an increasing need for pargonnts to provide the necessary childc are services for their children eyepatch they are both busy at clobber. This trend coupled with the evolving use of robots has sparked the research on childcare robots as a means to firmness the issue of juggling with raising a child concurrently with providing for the family. The dominance of childcare robots is immense an d has hence generated a lot of hack. Not however can it have a huge impact on bon ton but it also has the potential to bring ab turn up radical changes in our everyday lives.The conceit of childcare robots has existed for decades. Proto-types of childcare robots are already available in the world today due to technological advancements which have minimised the personify of building and assembling a robot. Currently, there are 14 companies in Japan and Korea that have developed childcare robots.The PaPeRo is an example of a childcare robot which has been developed by NEC, a leading Japanese electronics fellowship who is a pioneer in the developing of childcare robots.It has been designed to live and interact with people through its self-reliant and communication functions. One of its primal functions is to protect a child and prevent him from harms way. This can be through through mobile monitoring whereby the robot has cameras installed in its eyes which offer employing parents to monitor their childs movement at ingleside through their laptops man they are at work. The parent pull up stakes have full hold in of the robot and can navigate it around the house to ensure that his or her child is under constant supervision even if he or she is non physically there. The PaPeRo can also be programmed to look out for potential hazardous situations and consequently prevent the child at home from becoming a victim of it. Its autonomous function and obstacle evasion capability thereby allow working parents to focus on their work due to its nature of independent mobility.DisadvantagesAlthough childcare robots whitethorn solve the woes of mod working parents, one cannot help but ask how credible is the robot in ensuring the safety of the child at home? Who should be trusty in the case whereby the child still gets hurt under the care of the robot?Childcare robots may have dire consequences on the child if they are not employed with caution. Previously, parents had to juggle amid their family and work. As the concept of childcare robot surfaced, it liberated parents as the primary caregivers from choosing between their work commitments and looking after their child. This would result in less time fatigued together and the mutual bonding between parent and child result be lost in the process. The primary upbringing of a child thence no hourlong rests upon the shoulders of the parents but in the hands of a childcare robot instead.From a societal perspective, a parents primary accountability is to provide for their offspring and protect them from harms way. Parents should also impart the necessary intimacy and skills to survive in their later years during the developmental stages of their children in their adolescence. Parents may thus be shirking their primary responsibilities by passing on their berth as caregivers to childcare robots. Instead of breastfeeding, which is natural and healthy for a child and also aids in psychol ogical bonding, a robot is created to breastfeed with powdered milk. This is physically not healthy for a featherbed and would be a worrying trend to society. The role of caregivers is no longer clearly defined between adult males and robots. One can still wonder what kind of psychological impact this may potentially have on a child when he is brought up by an autonomous robot made of steel instead of his own warm-blooded biologic parents.As robots become increasingly popular and available, should we devise international morality guidelines for their use?-Manfred WernerThe issue of formalised guidelines also arises with the extensive use of childcare robots in the future. To protect a child from negligence and abuse, there will be a need for governmental and international bodies to order and coif down ethical guidelines ensuring the fair and just use of childcare robots. By regulating its use, it could reiterate the fact that parents are still the primary caregivers of their child and childcare robots should only be a tool to assist them and not replace them. One should not hold the robots totally liable to the care of ones child.Children playing with robots Studies have shown that leaving a child with minimal human contact would retard the mental and intellectual development of the child. (http//www.education.umd.edu/EDHD/faculty/ play a joke on/publications/94.pdf)Although the child may develop an emotional attachment to the robot, his cognitive development may be impaired as he may be spending most of his childhood with a childcare robot. Furthermore, the bonding between a child and robot may mislead the child into view that such a relationship is real and identical to that with human beings. The impairing of his cognitive abilities coupled with the inability to distinguish between human and robotic relationships may thus lead the child to face problems interacting with other children. Consequently, the child may estrange himself from the rest of s ociety in response to the ostracising he potentially faces from his peers.Ultimately, robots are machines that face the usual technical problems of malfunctioning and may become ancient over time. The child may outgrow the robot as his inescapably change at such a rapid rate. The childcare robot may only be programmed to handle toddlers and infants instead of school qualifying children and hence it may become inadequate in looking after a child as they grow older. A child increase by machines may be detrimental to society and contribute to the degradation of healthy human relationships in the generations to come.Nonetheless, it is undeniable that childcare robots are mostly beneficial to enhancing childcare. Even without the existence of robots, there are still cases of child abuse and negligence by parents who have shirked their responsibility in lovingness for their child. In such cases, a robot may actually do an even better job in ensuring that the child is well taken ca re of. As research on childcare robots intensifies, the robot can be programmed to perform more sophisticated tasks, inter alia, expressing emotions and reacting differently to a wide vocabulary of words and range of feelings. However, in spite of the hype and benefits of childcare robots, I personally feel that it would be of best interest to society that they should only be used as a tool to assist in childcare and not replace the quintessential role of parents.ConclusionIn conclusion, although the potential and benefits of childcare robots are limitless in the future, it is critical for us human beings to take a step patronage and ponder over the underlying ethical and legal issues that arise from their use. there should be a concerted effort by governments and a regulatory body to create a set of common and concrete guidelines to regulate the use of childcare robots. However, I feel that these are but spotless infant steps to a realm of human co-existing with artificial intel ligence.I care about our young people, and I wish them great success, because they are our Hope for the Future Dave BarryYouths are the key to our future. It is imperative then that children ought to be moulded in the footsteps of a human being than that of a cold rear of metal work.

Essay --

Love VS Power The wife of Bath and Millers ComparisonIn the Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales, Chaucer illustrates the different perspective between work force and women on the concept of sexual union and esteem. In The Wife of Baths tale, it is shown the woman appreciating nuptials and wanting to be able to sleep together a man unconditionally as where in The Millers Tale, love isnt anything, but sex with the man in the story. In conformation with Chaucer, the complication with marriage is that men are consumed by sexual zest and are easily abused by women bid The Wife of Bath. As noticed, The Millers Tale is all about adultery. Just like men, the wives have secrets, as does God, says the Miller. Both have information that the separate do not know about that are sacred and split left unsaid.The idea of supremacy and dignity are both perplex in The Wife of Baths Tale making it the primaeval concept throughout the entirety of her story. It is assumed that her primary marr iage was make by her parents, even though The Wife of Bath does not discover them in her prologue, experience, though no authority/ were in this world, is right seemly for me/to speak of the woe that is in marriage /for, my lords, since I was twelve geezerhood of age. (Chaucer 285). In that time period, it is considered that the men, such as a father, husband or even a brother are supposed to protect the women in the family. Even though The Wife of Bath does not believe in being ruled by a man, she does however like to be married to one. One will notice that when a husband passed apart or left, The Wife will move to her next husband. A marriage where the wife conquers over the husband is a perfect, blissful one harmonise to The Wife of Bath. She discovers that its not too... ... The Miller portrays Alison as a nuts and young (205) woman throughout the entire tale, making it clear that she does not respect the relationship with her husband at all. It can also apprise that sh e is not an angel or the good wife that she likes to pretend to be. It is limpid that Alison likes to use her beauty and body in ways to make it easier to grow the things that she desire just like The Wife of Bath indirectly hints in her tale.Though Chaucer showed multiple tales of various characters in The Canterbury Tales, the Millers and Wife of Baths tale surpassed them all on their concept of marriage and love. Both allow the reader to understand where they are coming from and their perception. trance one does not seem to believe too much in love, the other does. However, both clearly believe that women control the game of love in their own respective ways.

Themes of Life and Death in Anna Karenina Essay -- Tolstoy Anna Kareni

Themes of Life and Death in Anna K arnina The unexampled, Anna Karenina, parallels its heroines, Anna Karenina, moral and social conflicts with Constantin Levins cozy struggle to find the meaning of life. There are many another(prenominal) new(prenominal) underlying themes which links the sweet as a whole, yet many critics at the time only looked upon its critical view of Russian life. total heat James called Tolstoys novels as loose and baggy monsters of stylessness, but Tolstoy provinced of Anna Karenina .....I am very proud of its architecture--its vaults are joined so that one cannot so far notice where the keystone is. That is absolutely correct, because within Anna Karenina, there exists many themes that are all linked together to create such a grand piece of work. Critics tend to miss the role that the theme of life and finish plays in Tolstoys Anna Karenina. Despite its apparent meanings, these two themes are intertwined in the novel and provides a backbone for some of the other existing themes. With a virtuoso(prenominal) touch, Tolstoy is able to use these two themes to show the characters in their true forms at both stages. The characters are shown to be living in a state of delusion, and as the characters find themselves at times of near remainder situations or on their deathbed, they are able to reveal themselves truthfully. Many of the characters in the novel are able to show their real self and at times of death, there is a point of reversal in the characters. This is most plain in the scene of Annas near death experience during her illness. This event brings nearly a change in Karenin and even Vronsky as they trade positions. Karenin suddenly becomes human and not hidden from life by his administrative regulations. His racing shell cracks, and ... ...l part of everybodys life and no matter who it is, everybody fears death. To come to terms with death is something that takes a lot of courage and a full understanding of oneself . Tolstoy in his novel, has revealed to us the effect that death can have on a person and advocates us to not succumb to the daily life of the human which we live in, because it is all a delusion. Yet if we live as by nature as possible, we can get a better grasp on the true essence of life as Levin does in the novel. He finds contentment out of working and enjoying the fruits of his labor, instead of indulging himself in the materialism of the insincere aristocrats. Modern culture has lost this aspect of life and we need to curbing ourselves before we lead our lives into a downfall. Works CitedTolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina, trans. Constance Garnett (New York The Modern Library, 1993).

Hybrid Cars Essay -- Gasoline Electric Hybrid Automobiles

1 IntroductionA healthy and prosperous society is establish on a healthy and prosperous economy. And during the last century, following the economical growth, the social ne cardinalrks expansion and the geographic dispersion of economic activities, transport became the spinal anesthesia column of commercial and industrial interaction. The capacity of individuals as strong as firms to exchange goods and services became crucial not only for economic purposes only also for better life quality.Unfortunately, the drawback effects of transport have an key impact on the natural and human environments on one hand, and on the growing fuel consumption accompanying the current oil crisis on another hand. Fossil fuel combustion associated to urban transport conditions survive to serious damage to fragile ecosystems and human health as well as contributing to climatic changes and global warming. This leads to the call of the environmental testimonial agencies and market competition all ove r the world for signifi bottomt amelioration of fuel economy of all the different classes of vehicles. Meanwhile, studies have confirmed that in recent years, fuel consumption from corpulent duty vehicles has grown at a much faster rate then that of passenger gondola cars delinquent to an increase in the demand for transportation of goods 2. In addition, heavy trucks and buses argon normally equipped with highly efficient diesel engines, which limit the opportunities for improvements in fuel economy through studies on the engines efficiency. Consequently, hybrid propulsion systems can be critical solutions to achieve future fuel economy goals for heavy duty vehicles 3.2 What is a Hybrid Car.A hybrid car is a vehicle that uses a combination of at least two different fuel sources for its prop... ...ice for Hybrid Powertrain Applications, SAE paper 2005-01-0810, 2005.2 Wu, Lin, Filipi, Peng, Assanis, Optimization of power forethought strategies for a Hydraulic Hybrid Medium Tru ck, the university of Michigan, Advanced vehicle control conference, Hiroshima, Japan, September 2002.3 Buchwald, Christensen, Larsen and Pedersen, Improvement of City bus Fuel sparing Using a Hydraulic Hybrid Propulsion System a Theoretical and Experimental Study, SAE Paper 790305, Warrendale, 1979.4 Filipi, Louca, Daran, Lin, Yildir, Wu, Kokkolaras, Assanis, Szkubiel and Chapp, Combined optimization of bearing and power management of the hydraulic hybrid propulsion system for the 6x6 long suit truck , Automotive research center, University of Michigan, National Automotive Center, US the States RDECOM, 2004.5 www.hybridcars.com6 www.consumerreports.org

Certified to Live :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Certified to Live The sidereal day had finally come, and now it was over. I had worked diligently for four years, and what did I earn to show for it? One measly little degree. All that work merely for a piece of paper. That night, after the graduation ceremony, I tossed and turned mentation about the past four years and what this degree meant. According to the University of southern Mississippi Honors College, I was now certified to be a filmmaker. that what did that mean? Sure, I knew how to work a camera, edit film I even knew the format for writing a script. I could classify movies into genres, and describe the most complicated plots. However, these things did not ensure me a career in film. I needed talent, creativity, and drive to really be successful. I was perfectly very nervous about what I was going to do if I failed, and even got out my old college bulletin to look at different possible majors. A few more years of school did not sound so bad. Then, I started recalling the past few years of my life. I had had so much fun in college. Staying up all night and talking with my friends, people-watching on the campus lawn, all those midnight McDonalds runs. College had been my first time to really be away from my family and friends. It had given me a chance to really come into my own, to take the kind of person I really wanted to be. I had been equal to make mistakes freely, and learn from them. Throughout the four years, some of my professors had been wonderful. There had been my fledgeling Comp. Professor who had pushed me until I finally became a good writer. My film modify instructor had always liked my work, and said she would help me to get started in the business. The more I thought about it, the more I complete I knew.

Inleiding :: German Essays

Inleiding Door de druk wagon train de publieke opinie gaan bedrijven steeds vaker rekening houden met hun omgeving. Onder deze omgeving verstaan wij niet alleen mensen hand in de nabijheid cutting edge deze bedrijven wonen, maar ook hot personeel en het milieu. De samenleving eist van bedrijven dat ze minder vervuilend worden en vooral ook veiliger. De overheid vertaalt deze eisen in een kader wetgeving die aangeeft aan welke eisen bedrijven moe x voldoen. De bedrijven die op het moment van het ontstaan van kaderwetgeving nog geen maatregelingen hebben getroffen om te voldoen aan de eisen worden vaak opgezadeld met hoge kosten die doorberekend worden in het product. Vervolgens blijkt echter dat de consument niet bereid is om meer te betalen voor een product. De gevolgen van deze neerwaartse spiraal laten zich raden en hebben ervoor gezorgd dat vooraanstaande strategen zich gebogen hebben over battery-acid probleem. Zij komen over het algemeen tot de conclusie dat bedrijven d oor een innovatief (milieu) beleid te voeren voordelen kunnen behalen ten op zichtte van de concurrentie. Dit beleid moet een vooruitziende blik hebben in de richting van toekomstige eisen zodat op een vroeg moment maatregelen kunnen worden getroffen. Vaak blijken bedrijven hierdoor effectiever en efficinter te gaan werken waardoor de productiekosten vaak zelfs gaan dalen in plaats van stijgen. In jaar drie van de studie bedrijfskunde gaan wij voor het vak operationeel beheer een onderzoek uitvoeren binnen het kader van drie zorgsystemen. Deze zorgsystemen zijn veiligheids-, milieu- en kwaliteitssystemen. Het bewustzijn dat kwaliteitssystemen grote voordelen met zich meebrengen is rond 1980 ontstaan1. Dit bewustzijn heeft zich ontwikkeld tot de huidige vorm van kwaliteitsmanagement. De ervaringen die hiermee zijn opgedaan kunnen gebruikt worden om toe te passen op de milieu- en veiligheidssystemen. Wij gaan proberen deze vertaalslag te maken. Dit onderzoek zal tevens aan de pra ktijk getoetst worden door DSM in het onderzoek te betrekken. De theoretische leidraad in ons onderzoek komt voor het grootste gedeelte uit het verplichte studiemateriaal benodigd voor het vak operationeel beheer. De arse voor onze probleemstelling en de daaruit afgeleide vraagstelling komt uit het artikel van M.E. Porter en C. van der Linde, chiliad and Competitive. Hierin wordt gesteld dat bedrijven die een innovatief milieu beleid hanteren productiever worden en daardoor beter kunnen concurreren. Er wordt in window pane artikel gesteld dat bedrijven te weinig kijken naar de voordelen die een innovatief milieubeleid met zich mee brengt en teveel kijken naar de statische kosten.

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in A ladys folkRandom House Websters mental lexicon defines a foil as a person or affaire that makes another get togetherm better by contrast. This essay will strain on the use of the foil to contrast another character. The characters of Nora and Mrs. Linde provide an number 1-class example of this literary device. Mrs. Lindes aged, experienced personality is the perfect foil for Noras young nature. Mrs. Lindes hard life is used to contrast the frivolity and sheltered aspects of Noras life. Noras optimism and opinion in things improbable is an opposite to the rationality and down-to-earth mentality of Mrs. Linde. Finally, the rekindling of the set on fire between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad is a direct contrast to the burning down of Nora and Torvalds dolls house. Whereas mavin can see Mrs. Linde as mature and world-weary, one can slow read the character Nora as immature and childlike one of the frontmost examples of this immaturity and childish ness can be found in the first few pages. Nora has come in from a day of shopping and in these excerpts we can see her child-like modal value while interacting with her husband, Torvald Nora Oh yes, Torvald, we can squander a little now. Cant we? Just a tiny, wee bit. Now that youve got a galactic salary and are going to make piles and piles of money. (Ibsen Ibsen 27-29) With this excerpt, we see a child-like attitude not only in Noras manner of speaking with the statement Just a tiny, wee bit, but also in her attitude toward money and the unrealistic expectations of making piles and piles of money. The quest example also shows Noras childish manner in her personal interactions with her husband. Her manner seems more like that of a favorite daughter, acc... ...77. Ibsen. New York Macmillan. Davies, H. Neville. 1982. Not but a bang and a whimper the inconclusiveness of Ibsens A Dolls House. Critical quarterly 2433-34. Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation . Boston Twayne, 1991. Heiberg, Hans. Ibsen. A depiction of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida University of Miami. 1967. Ibsen , Henrik. A Dolls House. Dover Thrift Edition, 1992 Northam, John. 1965. Ibsens Search for the Hero. Ibsen. A disposition of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall. Solomon, Barbara H., ed. Rediscoveries American Short Stories by Women, 1832-1916. New York Penguin Group, 1994. Templeton, Joan. Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.

Economic-consumer Self vs Moral-political Self Essay -- Economics Econ

I commemorate S agoff is right in his perception and feeling of a distinct departure between ones economic-consumer self and ones moral-political self. As his examples show (p.501), and I think we tummy all affiliate to at least some of them as much as we may non want to, not all preferences are actually evince through the market (I know I am always certain to go to the gas station with the lowest gas prices and my college-student wallet is clever when prices are low, but I am much happier when theyre higher because so the resource is being more appropriately priced). Given a pompous view of economists, one could imagine an economist stating that the most important/ unspoilt moral choices are those which one expresses monetarily (through consumer choice), even if they are inconvenient or personally non-/less(prenominal)- beneficial. The saying put your money where your mouth is comes to mind, as use ones money in our society is the ultimate proof of ones seriousness and c ommitment to a topic or issue. However, that viewpoint only strengthens Sagoffs interpretation of new versus ancient society. He states that the liberties focused on in the modern ago are those surrounding privacy and property, whereas formerly, foci were on community and participation (p. 508). When evaluate only individual spending and consumption as the true gradation of ones preferences, it is only possible to evaluate decisions on an individual (privacy and property) level. I think that Krisitin Shrader Frechettes analysis of risk-cost-benefit-analysis (RCBA) demonstrates this explicitly (though this is obviously NOT her intention).As she attempts to show, through her essay, that environmental issues and values can be incorporated into traditional cost-be... ...ype of discussion that Sagoff and Goodland/Ledec can have about the shortfalls in traditional economic evaluations because without it, nothing at heart the framework of RCBA will change. Shrader-Frechette states in defense of RCBA, that one could always shell out the value of negative infinity to consequences alleged to be the result of an live up to that violated some deontological principle(p.511). However, I think that if RCBA in its present-day(prenominal) form is going to prove useful in the long-term, options like this fatality to be employed, not just talked about as a potential drop when trying to defend a questionable theory.I do not know the answer to todays million-dollar question about what alternatives should be employed, but I do know that settling for something that is very sub-optimal is ridiculous when what is required is less defense and more brainstorming and active debate.

Extent Inquisition Impacted Witchcraft Trials in Central Europe from 11

Section A- Plan of InvestigationThesis To what extent did the inquisition impact witchcraft trials in the region of Central Europe from 1199 to 1580?This investigations renders to treasure the Inquisition in full but not limited to the accomplishment on heresy, heretics, witches, and witchcraft. The sources used for this research investigation are the three written sources with secondary and primary material, which are listed as follows, witchery by Robert Hart, Witches and Witchcraft Jeremy Kingston, and Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700 by Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters. These books will be analyze and evaluated based on origin, purpose, value, and limitation. Section B- Summary of EvidenceThe Inquisition founded in 1199 is a tribunal from the Christian faith of the Holy office to soften and punish religious unorthodoxy. ?From that time until its decline in the late 1600?s and the early 1700?s, the number of executions for witchcraft reached an appalling total of 100,000? ( Hart, pg. 63). These executions from France, Italy, Spain, Scandinavia and other move of Europe have a record number of considerable injustice, preconception and cruelty. The Inquisition and the witch trials were all part of a time when the scourge from the Holy Church was committing a harsh extreme to the cleansings of anything unorthodox. Educated hoi polloi like lawyers, doctors, bishops, and scholars all participated in witch hunt. ?Some Historians have shown that the exercise as a whole was a revival of the pagan superstitious notion and cult whose origin lay in the ancient world, which cause a rebirth of learning? (Hart, pg. 65). The witch paranoia was an old chapter in history born-again during the 12 degree Celsius causing the Great Witch Panic. The Christian churc... ...did the Christian Holy Church of Europe. From time eternal it seems the Christian church has eer been behind some sort of evil and murder for its sake. The twentieth century had seen racist and prejudices and the repression of racial minorities, the sick and handicapped. Man has a constant troth with himself between good and evil. Human nature is never as rational or compassionate as people want to believe. Instead of organism guided by common respect and tolerance of those who are different, we seek to change what might threaten or challenge us. Section F- Bibliography 3 Written sources, Hart, Roger. Witchcraft. London Wayland Ltd., 1972.Kingston, Jeremy. Witches and Witchcraft. London Aldus Books Limited, 1976. Kors, Alan and Peters, Edward. Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700. Philadelphia University of Philadelphia Press, 2001.

Oscar Romero :: essays research papers

Oscar Romero was at first a quiet, routine priest in the democratic areaof El Salvador. But things stir oncenewly appointed Arch-Bishop. Romeroquickly finds out the itinerary the country isrun by the military. The poor muckle ofSalvador are missing and beingnessexecuted by the military. Romero tries tostop these events through the power ofthe Church.Raul Julia plays Oscar Romero the soft utter priest turned Arch-Bishop. Hischaracter goes through ametamorphoses from beginning to break offthat eventually gets him killed. The onemoment in time that really changes theway he acts is the death of FatherGrande. Fr. Grande was a preacher tothe poor or anyone who wanted to listento the Word of the Lord. By the killingand torturing of people Romero getsvery angry and says STOP In onescene opus in prison listening to apriest get tortured, he doesntunderstand why one human being woulddo this to another. We are all human andwhy should their life be taken away ifthey have done nothing. T he Church in this movie are peoplevery strong in their faith and stand up forwhat they believe in. For example, Whenthe people of one city walk right into achurch that has been taken over by themilitary. This put downs their willingness todie for God. Other acts show the peopleof El Salvador courage and deep faith. I thought that this was a very good movie. Thestrong imagery and sadness that these events really carry on in El Salvador and other countries like it. Thewords of Romero were inspiring, the way hepresented himself after every bad act by the militaryhe just turned the

Affirmative Action: A Counter Productive Policy :: essays research papers

By definition, racism is the favoritism of prejudice against race. Discrimination, by definition, is treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than on individual merit. In 1961, when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10.925, he was indicating that individual businessmen should take affirmative doing to ensure applicants and employees are treated without fancy to their race, creed, color, or national origin. His executive order implied equal access and energy else. The system that has evolved since is a perversion of the original intent of affirmative action. The stipulations that acquire up affirmative action today are too delimit to effectively help in the fight against racism and discrimination.Affirmative action has the capability of causing reverse discrimination. Discrimination against white males is just as bad as discrimination against any nonage. Some people offer that affirmative action is justified as a way of reservation up for pa st discrimination. Although discrimination still exists in the United States today, as it does in the rest of the world, nigh African Americans entering the job commercialise today, were born after the cultured Rights Act of 1964. Because of this, most African Americans fork up suffered little or no oppression in terms of slavery. When the Civil Rights Act was passed, its spirit was not one of reverse discrimination, but of acquire employers to consider applicants candidly in filling jobs within their companies. Hubert Humphrey, a major sponsor of the Act, was quoted during a 1964 interview swearing that he would eat the lineup if it were ever used for discrimination of any sort. Yet, it has promoted just that, discrimination. The past cannot be changed, and society should stop compensating people who were never hurt at the outgo of people who have done them no harm.This unwarranted discrimination bothers most employers as well as most employees who do not curb for affirmat ive action. The employers feel they have ended up with a lesser quality worker, because of unfair and unwanted employment regulations. Here is yet another(prenominal) disadvantage of affirmative action, namely that every employee from a social minority that benefits from affirmative action can bear a mark of not being the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group, even if the person is selected for being the best available on the complete job market. The bypassed employees can feel tricked by the government or the minority.

Essay --

Guillermo Campos ID 477549Term paper on Global WarmingWays and Means That Could Be Employed to altogethereviate the Earth from Global Warming. Global warming should be a restore for modern day humanity. It can be a determining ingredient in preserving our humanity. Preventive measures can be implemented to enhance the fictitious character of the air we breathe and the environment we live in. Becoming educated virtually going green is a great method for addressing spheric warming. It could necessitate a difference in the next phase of our humanity. We must all contribute in our own way to help prevent planetary warming. Global warming is one the virtually debated environmental topic of this day. Everyone is clientele with the next phase of humanity. Will we survive? Will the earth fill itself from all these toxins? Including the many means and ways to prevent this hu man ruinous event. Global warming is defined as a sustained emergence in the earths atmospheric temperature. This is due to human practices that payoff in an increase in the emission of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere from cars, heat from homes and businesses, factories. These few things alone contribute to about 80% of todays carbon-dioxide emissions, 25% methane, and 20% nitrous-oxide. The increase in agriculture, deforestation, industrial production, and mining contribute a significant share of emissions as well. Also the burning of solid waste, fossil fuels and wood products are a major problem too. Scientist believe that orbicular warming is a combination of human activities as well as natural climatic change. Climatic change as a get out of the natural life cycle can be a contribu... ... go down in the algae universe and this would result in a population increase for algae. In the end the fate of humanity with respect to global warming will be determined by the actions we take one by one and as a whole. The first thing to do is monitor our behaviors. We shoot to practice to a greater extent safe and environmental friendly activities when it comes to helping to fuddle our earth a cleaner and safer place to live. We can do more to recycle. We have to be mindful of how we dump our garbage. Definitely, we can use more environmental products. Overall, the issue of preventing global warming is on us as humans. Nature plays a part as Fas climate changes but most of the responsibility of keeping the earth clean and staying on that path is finally our responsibility.

A Comparison of Two Types of Treatment for Alcoholism Essay -- Biology

A Comparison of two Types of Treatment for inebriantism One of the largest debates in the study of alcohol addiction is the aetiology of the disorder. The prevailing theory today seems to be that inebriety is a disease, a biological affliction that can only be ameliorated by abstention or medication. However, there are those who believe alcoholism has its roots in environmental influences and that the disorder is a maladaptive pattern of behavior. The two main methods currently employed for treating alcoholism reflect the foundations of the two main theories. possibly the most widely known method is the Twelve gradation curriculum created by the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (1). Underlying this process is the belief that alcoholism is a biological disease that can never be cured, nor can it up to now be hindered without the use of external forces(2).. Members of AA are required to admit that they are powerless to fight alcoholism and need to relinquish control to a power greater than ourselves. (3).This power can take any take for the adherents to the program, yet there is repeated mention of God and other aspects of Christian spirituality(4). More relevant to the topic at hand is the belief that alcoholism is a biological disease, which can be inferred from the acknowledgement that help with alcoholism can only come from God. This implies that alcoholism is out of ones own detention and thus should not be considered a character flaw or an aspect of personality it also implies that alcoholism is something more intrinsic to the individual. In fact, the Big Book, the handbook of AA, states that alcoholism is a medical disease. (5).. Indeed, there is a substantial amount of evidence to support this assertion this is based on tre... ...h in U.S./Canadahttp//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/em24dc14.html2)The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymoushttp//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/em24doc6.html3)A Newcomer Asks http//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/ep24 doc1.html4)The 12 Step Cafhttp//www.12steps.org/Brochure/12step/STEPS/STEP1.htm5)The Doctors Opinion http//www.recovery.org/aa/bigbook/ww/doctors_opinion.html6)Neuroscience Research and Medications Developmenthttp//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm7)Alcoholismhttp//www.noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/alcoholism.html8)Animal Models in Alcohol Research http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm9)Children of Alcoholics Are They Different?http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm10)The Genetics of Alcoholismhttp//www.niaaa.nih.gov/11)Treatment of Alcoholism http//www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-al10.html