The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

The Lord of the Flies essayIn William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of pull the leg ofs who ar fleeing a war, skim off crashes and they atomic number 18 stranded on a deserted island without Adult supervision. The first thing all the kids do is vote for a chief and Ralph, who is more responsible, wins everyplace Jack. They are the choices because Ralph is the Colonel of the whole group and Jack is the oldest out of all the boys. As the story goes on and when Jack starts his own group all of the kids lose fortune of their main goal, to be rescued. Theyre all having too much fun when they switch over to Jacks group hunting and killing for food. In the story there are four main characters that are in a sense the leaders of the crew. Theres Piggy and a quiet Simon who do non possess the scrappiness that Ralph and Jack do. These strengths are what help Ralph and Jack survive. Piggy is always talking about how his Auntie would not let him do this or that and Simon was just a q uiet, reserved kid who is regarded as weird just due to the fact that he is calm.The first two kids are considered leaders but only to the littluns who really do not matter in the big picture. To the bigguns, Simon is just a silent and, batty kid who is called odd the entire story. Until he thinks he sees the beast everyone ignored him and when this happens hes running to govern all the boys that he had seen the beast and when they see him coming they mistake him for the beast and stab him repeatedly until he is dead. Simon is really just misunderstood because Ralph thinks he is a big help. As he says in the story, Simon, he helps. Ralph is referring in this quote to the building of the shelters. The only people who work to get shelters from the rain are Ralph, Piggy, and Simon. instantaneously Piggy did not stand a chance from the beginning. When they first get on the island all everyone does is make fun of him and that does not stop until his death in the end of the story. The t hing that the others do not notice is that Piggy is a smart kid who knows what he is doing.

An Assessment of Learning Disabled Bilingual Students :: Teaching Education

An Assessment of Learning Disabled Bilingual Students When plowing of the learning disabled, bilingual student, one must consider some dimensions to the issue of estimate within a particularly specialized light. This special population reflects both the learning disabled (LD) and the bilingual student. For purposes of this discussion, it is presumed that most all members of this specialized segment atomic number 18 Latino. This is largely the case within a interoperable context, although as the literature points out, pre-considerations must be afforded for bilingual education (students) as well as those members of the Hispanic community who reflect a variety of backgrounds, including Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, etc. To this extent, it is the view of this author that the challenges for the bilingual, learning disabled, and special education educator are particularly complex. To begin with, it is all important(p) to look at the many variables that exist within the aforementioned components. These components include English as a Second Language (ESL), the extent to which Hispanic students speak English at home, the extent to which Spanish speaking students speak Spanish at home, the extent to which parents are involved or assume an active part in this overall effort, and finally the impact this has on teaching the learning disabled in a classroom setting and more specifically when employing the help of a translator. It is the view of this author that, too often, curriculum-based assessment is hampered with some biases, to which extent it is the aim of this author to address some of these. David P. Dolson (1985) offers us some insight into the grandness of these relationships, stating that the most essential factor between academic achievement and scholastic performance on the part of the Hispanic child is directly related to the accomplishment of Spanish home language. He challenges an assumption by many educators that Hispanic students f rom Spanish language homes do less well in schools than Hispanic students from in the first place English speaking homes. The direction of the difference on each of ten scholastic variables indicates that students from additive bilingual homes have a conspicuous advantage when compared to counterparts from subtractive bilingual homes. The importance of this finding is highlighted to a number of conclusions, which may be constructed on the basis of the data made available (1985). Based upon personal and practical experience, it has been the observations of this author that definitive controversy and even disagreement exists and is centered around various approaches to the academic advancement of the learning disabled, bilingual student.

videogame violence :: essays research papers fc

With the upcoming release of the ultra-violent video game 25 to Life, game developers are once again chthonic fire by politicians and activist to rethink the content of their games. 25 to Life is an action shooting game that pits law enforcement against gang members in battle. Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY) has taken the developer Edios to labor movement for the questionable content of the game. The senator wants this cop killer game boycotted by retailers and has even went so far as to appeal to Microsoft and Sony to end their licensing agreement with the game shaper (www.afterdawn.com). This is just the latest of games that have come under fire by law makers for the subject material they contain. This has become a fairly hot subject field in society today with the rise in violence and popularity of video games such as the Grand Theft Auto, Doom, and Halo series. Many activists feel that these games in the hands of children can lead to insensitivity to violence amongst other thing s. This leads to the question are game manufacturers acting unethically by producing ultra-violent or realistic games? intervention I suppose the first thing I should say is I feel it is in no way the moral responsibility of the game manufacturers to keep down the content they put into games. That being said, a few of the reasons they are trying to ban violent video games as according to psychologists is Children whitethorn become more than aggressive and develop favorable attitudes about the use of violence to resolve conflicts. Children may become desensitized to violence in the real world around them, slight sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, and more willing to tolerate ever-increasing levels of violence. Children may begin to believe that the real world is as mean and dangerous in real life as it appears on the media and in video games (www.salsa.net). To this I ask what about me? What about people like me? Responsible, moderately well rounded, enlightened adult s? Should I not get to play the games that were intended for me? And the truth is, the games that everyone is up in arms over are made for me, an adult. Thats why the frolic Software Rating Board (ESRB) was implemented. Not unlike movie ratings the ESRB provide information about video and computer game content before u make a purchase. ESRB ratings have two parts the rating symbols which suggest age appropriateness for the game, and the content descriptors which indicate elements in a game that may have led to the rating symbol or may inform you of questionable content (www.

Free Essays - Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

 Tale of Two Cities  The main purpose of this book is to show the contrasts mingled with the peaceful city of London and the city of Paris, tearing itself apart in revolution.  This is apparent in the very first line of the book, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....  This is a contrast of the two cities, London, the tranquil home of Mr. Lorry and the Darnays and Paris, the center of a bloody revolution.  The author shows gentleness in these violent times in the persons of Dr. and Lucie Mannette, both gentle and peaceful. He also characterizes the evil side of the revolution in the apathetic and depraved Misuser and Mademoiselle Defarge, who go about their business while devastation carts roll-- as do heads-- through the streets of Paris.  He does though, depict a ray of light amongst all this evil the heroic Carton, who gave his life for his friend and a adult female he knew he would never have.  The biggest contrast of all, is in the person of Misuser Darnay, the gentle English family man, who is also related to the evil Marquis Evremonde.  I personally equivalent stories that use historical events as backdrops because it brings these seemingly distant events closer to us.  This book definitely offers insight into life in the two cities at the time of the cut Revolution.  I think it does an excellent job of depicting just how totally involved some people became in the revolution.  It shows how people were blinded by the believe for freedom from their former oppressors, so much so, that they attacked anyone and anything that was even remotely related to their past rulers.  I think this was effectively done by excellent characterization, victimization each character to depict a antithetical aspect of society, then contrasting them by making them rivals.  I really took away a different view of that time period. Some of the language he used was definitely outdated.  The language was exactly what you would expect for a novel of that time period.  I was capable to follow the story pretty well, although there were a few times, in switching back and forth between cities, that I got a little confused  Still on the whole I liked the way the story flowed.  Unlike some stories of that time, there wasnt really any profanity or fetching of Gods name in vain, which is always good to see.

Power of Choice Revealed in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken :: Road Not Taken essays

The Power of Choice Revealed in The Road Not Taken icings fl are for using nature to and mans interaction with it to relate powerful philosophical messages are expressed in his renownd poem, The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken by Robert freezing is a very powerful poem with 1 basic philosophical theme individuality comes down to being able to choose between the popular prime(prenominal) or societal norms and a choice less explored. In other words, the central meaning of this poem is that one should not make a decision because it reflects popular opinion-one should make sound choices because of their benefits to the individual-because choosing unequ totallyed alternative could make all the difference. What does Frost mean by the driveway less traveled by (19)? Much of the poem suggests that Frosts use of the word road is metaphorical and not literal. Road as used by Frost refers to a decision or a choice. However, by using the literal practical application of roads, Frost cross-files that deciding which road to take will determine the outcome of ones journey, much like a decision will determine the outcome of ones goals and aspirations. Frost chooses to the take the road that was grassy and wanted wear (8). Why? Clearly, like a unique idea, the less traveled road may lead to a different sense of realization where only few men have been. Thus, the road less traveled by clearly speaks of Frosts personal endeavor to be different or unique. He did not want to follow in the footsteps of conformity this is why he takes the road less traveled by. Frost alludes to the circumstance that a traveler cannot take two roads at the same time-he/she must choose between the two. The main reason for making this assertion is to show that we cannot abide by two decisions about a particular goal in our life at the same time. Consequently, we must weigh our decisions carefully. Note Frost says I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference (19-20) . What does this say about how we should make our decision? Clearly, this infers that we should not make our decisions based on popular opinions. In other words, we should not make a decision because it works for everyone else we should make a decision because it is right for our circumstance -- because it could make all the difference.

Power of Choice Revealed in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken :: Road Not Taken essays

The Power of Choice Revealed in The Road Not taken Frosts luster for using nature to and mans interaction with it to relate powerful philosophical messages are expressed in his renownd poem, The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost is a very powerful poem with one basic philosophical theme individuality comes down to being able to claim between the popular choice or societal norms and a choice slight explored. In other words, the central meaning of this poem is that one should not make a decision because it reflects popular opinion-one should make sound choices because of their benefits to the individual-because choosing unique alternative could make all the difference. What does Frost mean by the passage less traveled by (19)? Much of the poem suggests that Frosts use of the word road is metaphorical and not literal. Road as used by Frost refers to a decision or a choice. However, by using the literal application of roads, Frost shows that deciding which road to take will determine the outcome of ones journey, overmuch like a decision will determine the outcome of ones goals and aspirations. Frost chooses to the take the road that was grassy and wanted wear (8). Why? Clearly, like a unique idea, the less traveled road may lead to a different sense of realization where only few men have been. Thus, the road less traveled by clearly speaks of Frosts personal endeavor to be different or unique. He did not want to follow in the footsteps of abidance this is why he takes the road less traveled by. Frost alludes to the fact that a traveler cannot take two roads at the same time-he/she must(prenominal) choose between the two. The main reason for making this assertion is to show that we cannot abide by two decisions about a particular goal in our life at the same time. Consequently, we must weigh our decisions carefully. Note Frost puts I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference (19-20). What does this say about how we should make our decision? Clearly, this infers that we should not make our decisions based on popular opinions. In other words, we should not make a decision because it full treatment for everyone else we should make a decision because it is right for our circumstance -- because it could make all the difference.

Germination of Seeds

A set extinct consists essentially of a ejaculate come on, stored food and a young plant, the embryo. The seed coat may be made of inner tegmen and outer testa. On the seed coat a scar (hilum) is present which shows the place of attachment of a seed in the fruit is present. At star end of the hilum is the micropyle. Through micropyle the seed absorbs water during the process of germination. The embryo consists of epicotyl,one or two seed leaves called cotyledons, and a hypocotyle. The portion of the embryo above the point of attachment of cotyledons to embryo axis, and below the plumule is called epicotyl.The plumule forms shoot. the portion of the embryo below the point of attachment of cotyledons to embryo axis provided above the radicle, is called hypocotyls. The radicle forms ascendant. The seed also contain the food, derived from the endosperm tissue. The food may remain as such or may be digested and stored in the cotyledons. Thus the cotyledons release thick due to the presence of stored food. This food is supplied to the developing plant during the process of germination of seeds. In the grain of stinker, the cotyledon is modified into an organ called scutellum a margin that comes from the Latin word meaning Shield.The food stored in scutellum is apply first during germination of seed. Later on scutellum absorbs the food of endosperm and supply it to the developing embryo. The maize grain is infact a single seeded fruit in which seed coat fruit wall is fused. operable Work investigating structure of seed of gram and maize With the help of hand lens locate micropyle and hilum of the two seeds. With the help of scalpel cut the seeds longitudinally and observe different parts of the embryo along with endosperm with the help of (fig 16. 1) 1. What is the function of micropyle? 2. Why cant you find endosperm in gram seed? Fig. 16. 11 Structure of seed of gram (a) and maize grain (b) 16. 5. 1 Seed germination During germination (growth and devel opment) of a seed the water is absorbed through micropyle, and the formerly dormant embryo resumes growth and emerges from the seed. The root is normally the first structure emerging the seed, growing rapidly and absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Much of the water is transported to the cells in embryo.As its cells elongate the stem pushes out of the soil. There are two personas of germination, epigeal and hypogeal. When the cotyledons appear above Fig 16. 12 (a) Hypogeal germination in gram seed the ground by the elongation of hypocotyl, the type of seed germination is called epigeal, e. g. seeds of melons, cucumber and beansFig 16. 12(b). 16. 12 (b) Epigeal germination in bean seed When the cotyledons remain below the soil, and epicotyl elongates bringing only plumule above the soil surface, it is depict as hypogeal germination, e. g. eed of gram and maize grainFig 16. 12(a) Germination is the onset of growth of a seed, often lollowing a period of dormancy, in response to suitable environmental conditions. 16. 5. 2 Conditions For germination to take place the seed must be viable (living) and should eat sufficient food for its germination. The following environmental conditions must exist. In both(prenominal) seeds such as of tobacco plant light is also incumbent to trigger germination of seeds (i) Moisture or water (ii) Air(O2) (iii) Suitable temperature (i) Moisture or waterThrough micropyle, the seed absorbs water, which swells it causing the seed coat to burst. This helps the root to emerge out of seed. Water absorbed by the germination seed helps to stumble the enzymes to digest the food of seed, which is made available to the growing embryo. It also helps to elongate hypocotyls and epicotyl, to grow out. (ii) Air Because oxidative metabolism usually takes over soon afterwards a plant embryo starts to grow, most seeds require oxygen for germination. So air is very important for germination as it contains about 21% of oxygen, which is used during respiration. iii)Suitable temperature Germination of seeds occur over a wide temperatue range between 5-30 C. the optimum temperature for the germination of seeds of most plants ranges between 25-30 C. optimum or suitable temperature is necessary for the enzymes to function. During early germination of seeds, the vital mobilization of food reserves stored in the embryo cotyledons or the endosperm is mediated by hormones, which in some cases are gibberellins. Practical work investigating the conditions necessary for germinationSet up four test tybes each with ten seeds labeled A, B, C and D as shown in Fig. 16. 13. Put tubes A, C and Din a warm place, in laboratory, Put tube B in a refrigerator. The test tube will have the following environmental conditions Water, suitable temperature and air Water and the air (low temperature) Suitable temperature and air Water and suitable temperature (no air) Observe the test tubes regularly for about one week. 1. In which tubes the seeds germinate? 2. Did all the seeds in these tubes germinate, if not, why? Name the conditions necessary for the germination of seeds?

Odysseus Essay

Will Rodgers, an American humorist and social commentator, once remarked that Being a hero is roughly the shortest lived profession on earth (atd. in carnival of wit 222). While this may be literally true, most heroes live on figuratively in the recorded stories of their exploits, and in many cases they model characteristics that can inspire readers to emulate theyre behavior. One obvious example is Homers Odysseus the fictional force of Ithaca whose courage, strength, and quest for immortality define him as the prototypical epic hero.His encounters with the Trojan war, the Cyclopes, the land of Aeolia with the bag of winds, a witch that accidentally turned his men to pigs and more. Odysseus manages to maintain the sharp balance between hubris and humbleness all throughout his ten year journey home from the Trojan War. This shows that he has potential in being a hero. Homer established the fact that Odysseus was willing to take help in addition to friendship from Athena when he wr ote, For I never knew the gods to show such(prenominal) open friendship and Pallas Athene standing by Odysseus.The meaning of courage is a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or vexation without showing fear, and thats where Odysseus comes in. Odysseus has been through so much just to get back home to his family. From being in the arms of his loving wife to risking his liveliness at war and the sea adventures with his men. Odysseus is faithful to those whom he loves and is determined to return to his home of Ithaca. As he was on the island with fairy-slipper and she asked him to stay with her, he responded to Calypso by stating, Every day I long to travel home and see my day of coming.

Letters Home Essay

She had been going around all all over the place and Frederick was environ to be dragged in to the situation. I always knew it would only ever destruction in tragedy. Everyone was talking about her all over Rome. She would be proposen all over the t knowledge with a different man on her arm every time. The Ameri rumps never had any respect for the culture in Europe. Maybe over on that point she would not have stood out, but her actions in Rome were not acceptable under any circumstances. Frederick is so naive. I could always see that he would end up being hurt by this girl, however, not quite in the way it turned out.Perhaps her death is for the best. Hopefully Frederick will not be so stupid next time he sees some common girl walking the streets. Ill leave you now my head is thumping again. These migraines sleep together more and more often at the moment. I can only sit here and hope it will pass. Yours sincerely, Mrs. Costello Character study Mrs. Costello is Winterbournes auntie and although also not originally from Europe she has a very European attitude to certain things. She refuses to mix with people who are lower in association than she is, for example the Millers.She can perhaps be seen as slightly pompous and she also seems to know everything that goes on behind the scenes. The letter is quite informal as Mrs. Costello is writing to her sister. She uses short sentences and is very critical. Rosalind Tamman 17 rue de Groggos Vevey Dear Rosalind, Since Daisys death, many things have changed in my life. I let her lead her life as she wished, never telling her what to do, and this is the consequence. I wrote to Mr. Miller informing of Daisys death and he rushed over to Rome immediately. I was very pleased to see him, as was Randolph.We have been to left to comfort each other since Daisy died, but my bittie boy stayed strong for me. Since daisy died, Randolph has been very quiet, saying little and responding politely to my book of instructions w ithout question. He was pleased to see his father, but he is clearly saddened without his sister around. He is so young to be subject to such misery. Mr. Miller showed little emotion when he came to Rome, but we have now gone back to Schenectady. Randolph and I would not have been able to cope on out own without our dearest Annie. It seems we had few friends in Europe, so we are glad to be back in Schenectady.I can only blame myself for Daisys death. I should have held her back at times when she wanted to go out. Mr. Winterbourne was a nice man. Maybe I should have stopped her seeing Mr. Giovanelli. My life feels so empty without Daisy. I would do anything to bring her back. Randolph is growing up, but we will never be able to replace Daisy. We are all missing her dearly, but perhaps we knew the end was inevitable. She was always going around all over the place. She was bound to get the fever sometime. Perhaps I should have done something, say something, but now it is all too late. Yours, Mrs. MillerCharacter study Mrs. Miller is mother of Randolph and Daisy. She is a very nervous and ill woman and this can be seen in the letter. Due to her lack of control over Daisys actions, she is seen as low class and a bad mother. This letter is very in the flesh(predicate) and emotional after Daisys death. It is intimate and informal, perhaps showing a lack of class in the language and informality. Show preview only The supra preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Art assignment Essay

1. List and describe three of the technological breakthroughs or discoveries that changed art during the Modern Era, 1800-1945. Indicate specific slipway in which these changed the form and/or content, themes, purposes/functions of art, and the lives of artists. PhotographyLight bulbsUse of alloy in constructionThere have been many inventions since the 19th century that has been integrate in the fastidious realm. Photography has created a new genre of art avail satisfactory to people. This invention allows people to see an image as it was meant to be which whitethorn have been something that could only be seen in the moment, like a fox and kits playing in the forest. Lights have affected almost every part of the middling persons everyday life and similarly, lighting has made artwork change and created new options of expression. In ways of architecture, lives and social system have been improved by the production and expend of metals in structure and the evolution of architect ure that was started in the watch glass Palace. The outset true photograph was captured in 1826 with a camera and denture exposed to the sun for eight hours. The instauration from this highly impractical form of photography was called a Heliograph.Joseph Nicephore Niepces correspondent was able to create a much reasonable medium for the film upon Neipces death. The silver iodine coated copper plate, named a daguerreotype after the inventor, gave hope for the creation of photography by allowing a picture to be captured in 10-20 minutes. Before this time only the rich could afford to have portraits done and could only be done by keystone (Getlein 197-98). Camera and film was created in more of a form k directn to us in the middle 1880s. Film was an important creation, as it allowed an image to be replicated, unlike the daguerreotypes, which were positives and allowed no way of copying. Photography was able to become a hobby and to advance after the creation of the Kodak Camera in 1888 (198-99). Because of this creation the artistic world changed to be able to include photojournalism, movies and artistic photography.Film and cameras have completely changed the way images are captured and who can afford it. During modern times, we can now afford to take pictures of whatever we would like so the content for photographs is now only limited to our own morals and what is available on the physicalplane. This invention allowed many people to share images of the world that many people would not be able to see otherwise and enabled any person who is willing to try, a chance to become an artist. The availability of electricity and the invention of the first functioning light bulb in 1820 by Warren De La Rue (The bill of the Light Bulb 1) changed the way art is seen and creates. Light can be the focus of the artwork or change the way the art is seen. The best drill of light in artwork is photography.The addition of a light bulb to create a flash while taking pictures has allowed different environments for photography by allowing pictures to have a good light source in the front to counteract any negative lighting, like from the back or too atomic lighting to allow the film to develop properly. This allowed artists more freedom to take picture wherever they are inspired and in normally inadequate lighting. This likewise prevented the light from behind the subject from being too strong to create the subject as a shadow, thus allowing breathtaking photographs that would have not been able to be captured otherwise. In other ways, lights have been the focal point of art in modern The first example of metal being used as a construction material for true structures was in England around 1851. Joseph Paxton used his plans for greenhouses and magnified them into a building that spanned over 13 acres, showing the world the first glimpse of modern architecture.Because of the use of pre fabrication, to a fault a new concept, this building was able to be constructed in 16 weeks. (Getlein 295) The uses of metal in construction also lead to a new concept design for buildings skeleton and skin. Skeleton and skin constructed involved a frame with covering over it. In the Crystal Palace, the skin was glass and in modern housing you have drywall, wood, and metal or plastic siding. The idea for modern buildings is just about the same, using metal as the sturdy skeleton with glass as the main covering but using the more modern element of concrete as a secondary structural base and covering. Through the creation of the Crystal palace, the ideas of architecture were changed forever.The metal structure allowed architects in modern times to create towering skyscrapers that would not have been possible using previous materials and allowed the shape of buildings to change as metal is more flexible has a strong tensile strength (Piggott 78). This allowed the creation of amazing bridges that are supported minimally by vertical bases and buildings t hat can take almost any shape. The SydneyOpera house is an amazing structure that is meant to resemble sails, and is constructed of metal rods, to support the specialized concrete called ferroconcrete (Getlein 300). This multipurpose building would have never been thought of as a possibility without the use of a metal skeleton and continues to allow architects more creativity to build structures with intricacy and still have the structural security needed.Works CitedGetlein, Mark. Living With artifice 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2010 197-99, 300. Print Piggott, Jan. Palace of the People The Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 1854-1936. K. Hurst &Co. 78-79. Print Unknown. The History of the Light Bulb. Arizona State University. http//invsee.asu.edu/modules/lightbulb/meathist.htm. Website

Attachment Theory Essay

Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant necessitate to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how some(prenominal) the parents relationship with the child influences development. Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after World War II, homeless and orphaned children presented umteen difficulties,1 and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the issue which he entitled maternal deprivation. Attachment theory grew knocked out(p) of his subsequent work on the issues raised.Infants become attached to individuals who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the flowin g from about six months to two years of age, this is known as sensitive responsiveness. When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Caregivers resolutions lead to the development of patterns of attachment these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individuals perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships.2 Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.

Operant Conditioning

Personality Development & Operant Conditioning Theories of Personality II Ana Iqbal Mirajkar Learning can be define as any process that leads to a relatively permanent and potential change in behaviour. The term mienism refers to the school of psychology founded by bathroom B. Watson based on the belief that doingss can be measured, trained, and changed. Behavioural theories are all based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning. It is highly objective and focuses on the notion that precisely observable behaviour should be studied. Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Edward, Thorndike, John B. Watson and Clark Hull are major thinkers of this school of thought. B. F. Skinner, a pioneer in behaviorism, invented a mechanical device for automatically recording fine differences in the rate of response. He was one of the pioneers of automation in behavioral research responses could be detected, put down and followed up with livelihoods, all by automatic apparatus. Operant conditioning is a concept also developed by B. F. Skinner, who verbalize Psychology is ab come to the fore behavior, not about the mind, and not about the nervous system.It deals alone with variables that can be directly observed. He emphasized on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and came up with the schedules of reinforcement. Plus, rather than focusing on things that occur before a response he focused on the idea that the events side by side(p) a response had a great influence on its subsequent rate of occurrence. Operant conditioning can be defined as that if a response (the operant, which is an active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences) is followed by a reinforcing stimulation, the response strength is increased.For instance, e actually conviction a child studies well he is rewarded with gifts, according to Skinner, this rewarded response (studying) will be strengthened and increased. B. F Skinner demon strated that humans and animals alike tend to repeat those responses that are followed by loving consequences and they tend to not repeat those responses that are followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences. Overall, favorable, neutral or unfavorable consequences involve reinforcement, extinction and punishment respectively. The holy study ofOperant Conditioning by B. F. Skinner involved a cat who was placed in a box with only one focussing out a specific area of the box had to be pressed in order for the door to open usually a lever, this was the desired correct response. right(prenominal) the box was a fish for the cat, which was another reinforcing stimulus beside its freedom. The cat initially is very comfortable and tries to get out of the box because freedom is reinforcing. In its essay to escape, the area of the box (lever) is triggered and the door opens.Once placed in the box again, the cat will try to remember what it did to escape the previous time and will agai n find what it did right the first time that lead to its escape. The more the cat is placed back in the box, the quicker it will press that lever and better all the incorrect/unrewarded responses. Thus it has learned, through natural consequences, how to gain the reinforcing freedom and fish. 1 Moreover, Skinner also stated that this learning had to occur very slowly and gradually.Extinction occurs when the connection between the stimulus and response has died or become extinct, that is presenting the stimulus no longer brings about the same response. People learn this way every day in our lives. For instance a person makes a mistake on a test paper, this mistake is something that he/she will almost likely not forget as it cost them their grade. The next time the same question appears in the exam that person will do things differently remembering their mistake. In this sense, the person has learned to act differently based on the natural consequences of previous actions.The same holds true for positive actions. If something one does results in a positive outcome, one is likely to do that same activity again. Positive reinforcement occurs when a positive stimulus is added in the environment, such as giving candy to a child for good behaviour this is usually used to introduce fresh behaviours in humans and animals. Whereas, negative reinforcement is said to occur when a negative stimulus is removed from the environment. It must be noted though, that negative reinforcement is not to be confused with punishment.Negative reinforcement has equivalent usage like that of positive reinforcement, which is it is used to strengthen behaviour by following it with the removal or omission of an hot stimulus. There are both(prenominal) types of negative reinforcement, escape and omission. In escape, performing a particular behavior leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. For example, if a person with a headache tries a new pain reliever and the headache quickly disappears, this person will probably use the medication again the next time a headache occurs.In avoidance, tidy sum perform a behavior to avoid unpleasant consequences. For example, citizens may pay their taxes to avoid fines and penalties. While, punishment both negative and positive, is usually involved in act to eliminate some particular behaviour from an organisms routine. This is of two types positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is when a positive stimulus is removed from the environment, for instance a mother takes away her childs toy because she was banging it loudly.In negative punishment a threatening or unpleasant stimulus is added to the environment. For example grounding a child for a day inside the house would be particularly unpleasant for him. All in all, both reinforcements and punishments are essential tools used by behaviorists in shaping behavior and developing personalities. 2 As in this example, every time Ellen has a mood tantr um and reinforcement occurs, her behaviour is strengthened and operant conditioning occurs.While every time Ellen cries and is punished (negative punishment) for it her behaviour is weakened. is one in which reinforcement is made purchasable to the subject only some of the time, according to certain rules these rules define the schedule. Different schedules give rise to characteristically different patterns of operant behavior. B. F. Skinner believed that human behavior and lives are products of social learning in culture, shaping and Operant Conditioning. There are two types of reinforcement schedule continuous and partial.In continuous reinforcement, the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. Generally, this schedule is best used during the initial stages of learning in order to create a strong connective between the behavior and the response. Once the response if firmly attached, reinforcement is usually switched to a partial reinforcement schedule. In part ial reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction. There are four schedules of partial reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedules are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, poise rate of responding with only a brief pause after the address of the reinforcer. Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling, lottery games and the job of a salesman are examples of reward based on a variable ratio schedule.Fixed-interval schedules are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. The monthly salaries or pocket money people receive are examples of fixed intervals. Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. Examples include social media notifications and fishing. 4

Homo Neanderthalensis – the Neanderthals

Since their discovery much than than a century ago, the swinishs fuck off hovered over the minds and beat bewilder the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They seem to fit in the general scheme of kind-hearted evolution, and yet theyre misfits. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 367) In a panache they atomic number 18 care us the juvenile gentlemans gentleman sapiens but yet are a very different species. But the real question that needs to be answered is why the swinishs were considered a different species than the Homo sapiens and what made them go extinct? The first Neanderthal remains were discovered in the year of 1856 in Germany.This discovery of a skullcap and partial emaciated frame in a cave in the Neander Valley (near Dusseldorf) was the first recognized fossil man form (Smithsonian 2007b). This was the first era Neanderthal fossils were discovered, as skulls were unearthed in Engis, Belgium in 1829 and Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar in 1848. Ho wever these earlier discoveries were non known as belonging to archaic forms. The type of specimen, named Neanderthal 1, consisted of a skull cap, two femora, three get up from the right arm, two from the left arm, part of the left ilium, fragments of a scapula, and ribs.When this skeleton was recovered the workers thought the bones belonged to a bear. The workers and so gave the material to an amateur naturalist Johann Karl Fuhlrott, who then in turn gave the fossils to anatomist Hermann Schaffhausen. The discovery was jointly announced in 1857. In 1864, a new species was known as Homo Neanderthalensis. These, and later, discoveries led to the idea that these remains were from the ancient Europeans who contend an important role in advance(a) human origins. The bones of over four snow Neanderthals take on been found since.The most controversial one was excavated in 1908 at La Chalpelle-aux-Saints in southeast France. This was a nearly complete skeleton of a man who would tak e hold been elderly by the Neanderthals standards. The bones were analyzed between 1911 and 1913 by the well known French paleontologist, Marcellin Boule. But unfortunately his prejudices got in the way of scientific objectivity. He described the La Chapelle- aux-Saints man, and subsequently all Neanderthals, as dull- witted, brutish and ape-like creatures who walked hunched over with a shuffling gait.Today scientists slimk he misjudged the Neanderthal posture because the adult male that was discovered had osteoarthritis of the spine. Also, and probably more important, Boule and his contemporaries found it difficult to fully accede that the Neanderthals would have been the ancestor of new-made human being. The skull of this male, which was 40 geezerhood obsolete when he died, is very large with a cranial capacity of 1,620cm. Typical of western European clean forms, the vault was broken and long the brow ridges are immense, with the typical Neanderthal arched shape the forehe ad was low and retreating and the face was long and projecting.The La Chapelle skeleton wasnt a typical Neanderthal, but and unusually robust male. Who evidently re donationed an extreme in the Neanderthal range of variation (Brace et al. , 1979, p. 117). The term Neanderthal Man was named by an Irish anatomist William King. He named them after the Neander River Valley. Classic Neanderthal fossils have been found over a large area, from northern Germany, to Israel to Mediterranean countries like Spain and Italy, and from England in the west to Uzbekistan in the east. The first proto- Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago. (Bischoff et al. 003).By 130,000 years ago, full short-winded Neanderthal characteristics were present. Neanderthals became extinct in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago. in that respect is recently discovered fossil and stone-tool bear witness that suggests Neanderthals may have still been in existence 24,000 years ago, at which time they disappeared from the fossil record and were replaced in Europe by modern Homo sapiens. (Rincon 2006, Mcilroy 2006, Klein 2003, Smithsonian 2007b, 2007b, 2007c). The classic Neanderthal cranium was large, long, low and budging at the sides. Viewed from the side, the occipital bone is manywhat bun-shaped.The forehead rises more vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the brow ridges arch over the orbits instead of forming a straight bar. The Neanderthals were robust, barrel-chested, potently muscled. They also had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chin little jaw. This robust skeletal structure, in fact, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through all premodern forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 370). Neanderthals had a buddy-buddy body of short stature.Males averaged 1. 7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an estimate to weigh 84kg (185lb), and females averaged 1. m (5ft) tall and an estimate 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals al so differed from modern Homo Sapiens in that they had a low forehead, double arched brow ridge, larger nasal area, projecting cheek region, weak chin, obvious space behind the third molar, heavily-built bones, loose scapula, short lower leg and arm bones relative to the upper portions, occasional bowing of the limb bones, the hip rotated outward, a long and thin pubic bone, and large joint surfaces of the toes and long bones. (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals had noses that were broad and very large.They had limb bones that were thick and had large joints which channelize they had strongly muscled arms and legs. The shin bones and forearms t stamp outed to be shorter than those of modern humans. The pelvis was wider from side to side than in modern humans and this may have slightly affected their posture. One striking blow of Neanderthals was the brain size, which in these hominins actually was larger than that of H. sapiens today. The average for contemporary H. sapiens is betwe en 1,300 and 1,400 cm, while for Neanderthals it was 1,520cm. The large size may have been associate with the metabolic efficiency of a larger brain in cold weather.Neanderthals mostly lived in cold climates, and their body proportions are similar to those of modern cold-adapted sight for example the Eskimo people. The Eskimo people also live in very cold areas, and have a larger average brain size than most different modern human populations. Neanderthals develop quite differently in their childhood than the Homo sapiens. Neanderthal children may have grown faster than modern human children. Where as modern Homo sapiens have the slowest body growth of any mammal during childhood with lose of growth during this period world made up later in an adolescent growth spurt.The possibility that Neanderthal childhood growth was different was first raised in 1928 by the excavators of the Mousterian rock-shelter of a Neanderthal juvenile. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, Apparently Neandertha l children assumed the appearances of maturity at an earlier age than modern children. (Keith, Arthur p. 346) The rate of body maturation seat be inferred by comparing the maturity of a juveniles fossil remains and the estimated age of death. Evidence shows that Neanderthals had a complex culture although they did not behave in the same ways as the early modern humans who lived at the same time.Scholars debate the degree of symbolic behavior shown by Neanderthals as figures of art and adornment are rare, particularly when compared to their modern human contemporaries who were creating significant amounts of cave paintings, portable art and jewelry. Some researchers believe that the Neanderthals lacked cognitive skills to piss art and symbols and, in fact copied from or traded with modern humans rather than create their own artifacts. The Neanderthals had a reasonably advanced toolkit classified as trend 3 technology that was used by early members of our own species, Homo sapiens .This was also known as the Mousterian, named after the site of Le Mousteir. Near the end of the time of the Neanderthals, they began to utilize the Chatelperronian tool style similar to the blade tools of Homo sapiens. . The tools of the Homo sapiens differed from that of the Neanderthals. The tools of the Homo sapiens were much more detailed as they were made out of ivory, bones antlers, and wood. There is little evidence that Neanderthals used antlers, shell, or other bone materials to make tools their bone industry was relatively simple.However, on that point is unspoiled evidence that they routinely constructed a variety of stone implements. The Neanderthal (Mousterian) toolkits consisted of sophisticated stone-flakes, task-specific hand axes, and spears. Many of these tools were very sharp. Neanderthals trimmed a flint tuberosity around the edges to form a disk-shaped core. Each time they struck the edge, they produced a flake, and they kept at it until the core became too small and was discarded. There is also good evidence that they used a lot of wood, although such artifacts would likely not have been preserved (Henig 2000).Chatelperronian is one of the most advanced tool style than that of the Mousterian. This occurred at about the same time as modern humans entered Europe. Many archeologists think that the Neanderthals were attempting to copy the types of tools that they observed modern humans making. Alternatively, it is possible that they may have obtained these tools by trading with the modern humans. While Neanderthals had weapons, no projectile weapons have been found. They had spears, in the sense of a long wooden shaft with a head firmly attached to it, but these were not spears specifically crafted for flight.The Neanderthals used their hunting weapons for hunting prey in close proximity and usually hunted in their localized areas. Because Neanderthals had no long-distance weaponry and were mostly limited to thrusting spears, they many have been more prone to serious injury-a hypothesis supported by paleoanthropologists Thomas Berger and Erik Trinkaus (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 376). Where as the modern Homo sapiens made use of spear-thrower and bow and arrow. With these weapons the Homo sapiens had a wider range of social contacts, perhaps permitting larger, more organized hunting parities.The Neanderthals built hearths and were able to control fire for warmth, cooking and protection. They were known to wear animal hides, especially in cooler areas. However, there is no physical evidence that Neanderthal clothing was sewed together, and it may have simply been wrapped around the body and tied. A very intriguing find was excavated a hollowed-out bear femur that contained holes that may have been deliberately bored into it. This bone was found in western Slovenia in 1995, near the Mousterian fireplace, but its importation is still a matter of dispute.Some paleoanthropologists think that it index have been a flute, while others have expressed that it is a natural bone special by bears. Another way in which Neanderthals differed markedly from contemporary modern Homo Sapiens, Homo sapiens employed a much wider range of materials from across Europe- such as seashells from Atlantic and mammoth ivory from southern Germany. Neanderthals, by contrast, probably stayed mostly around their caves and campsites. So they did not trade like the modern Homo sapiens. They probably transported their stone materials from short distances- just a few kilometers away.This suggests that Neanderthals activity was localized and territorial. Although much has been hyped about the Neanderthals burial of their dead, their burials were less elaborate than those of anatomically modern humans. The interpretation of the Shanidar IV burials as including flowers, and therefore being a form of ritual burial (Solecki 1975), has been questioned (Sommer 1999). On the other hand, tail fin of the six flower p ollens found with fossil Shanidar IV are known to have had traditional medical uses, even among relatively contemporary populations.In more or less cases Neanderthal burials have been found with grave goods, such as bison and auroch bones, tools, and the pigment ochre. On the other hand burial of Modern Homo sapiens were more much more complex, and frequently included both tools and remains of animals (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 378) Neanderthals occupied a range of environments across Europe and the Middle East and lived through a period of changing climatic conditions. Ice Age in Europe was interspersed with warmer periods but by 110,000 years ago average temperatures were on the descend and full glacial conditions had appeared by 40,000 years ago.There is evidence that the Neanderthals hunted big game and chemical analysis of their fossils shows that they ate significant amounts of meat supplemented with vegetation. scorn this mixed diet, nearly half of the Ne anderthals skeletons studied show the effects of a diet deficient in nutrients. Researchers have long debated whether Neanderthals also included human meat in their diets. It is not always easy to determine whether the cut marks on human bones are due to cannibalism, or some other practice or even animal teeth.But in recent years new evidence has emerged that suggests that some Neanderthals may indeed have been cannibals on occasions. The cave of El Sidron in Spain yielded hundreds of Neanderthals bones with cut marks, deliberate breaks for marrow extraction, and other signs that the bodies had been butchered for flesh in the same way as animals. There is Neurological evidence for potential speech in Neanderthalensis existed in the form of the hypoglossal supply, which is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull.The canal of Neanderthals is the same size or larger than in modern humans, which is significantly larger than the canal of Australopithecines and modern Chimpanzee s. The canal carries the hypoglossal nerve, which supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor coordination. Researchers indicate that this evidence suggests that Neanderthalensis had vocal capabilities similar to, or possibly exceeding that of, modern humans (Kay et al. 1998). However, a research team from the University of California, Berkeley, led by David DeGusta, suggests that the size of the hypoglossal canal is not an indicator of speech.His teams research, which shows no correlation between canal size and speech potential, shows there are number of upkeep non-human primates and fossilized australopithecines that have equal or larger hypoglossal canal. In 1997, geneticists were able to extract a short sequence of DNA from Neanderthal bones from 30,000 years ago. In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. At roughly 3. billion base pairs, Neande rthal genome is about the size of the modern human genome.According to the preliminary sequences, 99. 7% of the base pairs of the modern human and Neanderthal genomes are identical, compared to humans sharing around 98. 8% of the base pairs with the chimpanzee. The researchers recovered ancient DNA of Neanderthals by extracting the DNA from the femur bone of a 38,000 year old male Neanderthal specimen from Vindija Cave, Croatia and other bones found in Spain, Russia, and Germany.Additionally, in 2010, the announcement of the discovery and analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from the Denisova hominin in Siberia revealed that this specimen differs from that of modern humans by 385 bases in the mtDNA strand out of approximately 16,500, whereas the difference between the modern humans and Neanderthals is around 202 bases. Groundbreaking analysis of the Neanderthal genome create in 2010 shows that modern humans and Neanderthals did interbreed, although on a very limited scale.Researchers comp ared the genomes of five modern humans with the Neanderthal, discovering that Europeans and Asians share about 1-4% of their DNA with Neanderthals and Africans none. This suggests that modern humans bred with Neanderthals after moderns left Africa but before they spread to Asia and Europe. The most likely location is the Levant, where both species co-existed for thousands of years at various times between 20-90,000 years ago. Interestingly, the data doesnt support wide-scale crossover between the species in Europe, where it would have been most likely given their close proximity.Neanderthals persisted for hundreds of thousands of years in extremely boisterous conditions. They shard Europe for 10,000 years with the Homo sapiens. Today they no longer exist. There are two main theories of why they have disappeared. The first possibleness says the Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens on a relatively large scale. Followers of this theory believe that although Neanderthals as organ isms no longer exist their genes were present in early modern Europeans and may still exist today. Interbreeding diluted Neanderthal DNA because there were significantly more Homo sapiens.Neanderthals were a sub-species of Homo sapiens rather than a separate species and hence their scientific name is Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. There is quite a bit of evidence that supports this theory. There are features of Neanderthals in some Cro-Magnon (Homo sapiens) populations. For instance the discoverers of the 24,000-year-old skeleton of a modern human boy from Lagar Velho in Portugal argue that although the pelvis and facial word structure are sapiens-like, the robusticity and limb proportions are more Neanderthal-like.As the age of the skeleton is later than the time of the last known Neanderthal, these features must represent significant interbreeding and transmission of DNA between modern humans and Neanderthals. Cro-Magnon remains from Vogelherd in Germany and Mladec in the Czech R epublic also exhibit a Neanderthal-like projection of the occipital bun at the back of the skull, more so than in later Homo sapiens. Various reasons have been proposed for the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans.Today, most theories accept that Neanderthals displayed advanced behaviors and adaptive strategies and were not sluggish brutes that stood no chance against the vastly superior Homo sapiens. Neanderthal fruitful success and survival rates appeared shortsighted compared to Homo sapiens. Most Neanderthal remains were of individuals rarely over 30 years old and over half were children. Slightly better rates of reproductive success and childhood survival over 10,000 years could be all it took for Homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals.Neanderthals may have also lacked the adaptive constitution of modern humans who had complex social networks across wide areas. Smaller populations of Neanderthals that tended to stay in limited areas may have made them vulnerable to loc al extinctions. The survival techniques of Neanderthals were not as developed as Homo sapiens. For instance, studies on stress and build-up of tissue in Neanderthal bones indicate they may have lacked systematic and directional planning in procuring food.This Neanderthal predominance of brawn over brain may also be reflected in the number of skeletal injuries seen in both sexes, probably from close range hunting. Other studies show that 40% of Neanderthal remains have hypoplasia, a condition caused by lack of nutrients in early childhood. This is supported by tests on Neanderthal bone collagen which indicate that meat was very significant in Neanderthal diets to the point that they may be lacking the nutrients from other sources used by Homo sapiens, especially fresh water products and vegetable matter.Researchers also believe climate could have played a major role in Neanderthals extinction. New data on the glacial period that occurred from about 65,000 to 25,000 years ago (known a s OIS-3) shows that it was a period of rapid, severe and abrupt climate changes with profound environmental impacts. Although Neanderthals were physically adapted to the cold, the severe changes in conditions (within individuals lifetimes in many cases) allowed no time for populations to recover. I believe doing this research on Neanderthals has taught me a lot more than I knew.I was fascinated by the anatomical differences and similarities between the Homo sapiens and the Neanderthals. I got to learn a lot about their lifestyles, their cultures and how the Neanderthals became extinct. I was surprised to know that some Neanderthals showed evidence of cannibalism. Now having done the research on the Neanderthal, if I was asked to answer my own research question I would be able to answer it. Neanderthals were different from the Homo sapiens for various reasons. They were anatomically different than the Homo sapiens.The Neanderthals were strong and robust while the Homo sapiens today a re not as robust and barrel-chested as the Neanderthals. Also the brains of the Neanderthals were larger than the Homo sapiens today. Also I found the extinction theories of the Neanderthals very interesting. I agree with the climate theory. It was mentioned as evidence that the weather was so abrupt and severe it might have affected the Neanderthals negatively leading them to go extinct. Overall this research project made me become aware of all our previous human ancestors.

Curricular Implications for Students Essay

Efficient administrators essential father certain their schools are in form with zone, state, and federal gentilityal road maps. These statutes include identifying and delivering specified instructional lessons for assimilators who chuck out for work beneath ingredient 504 of the Rehabilitation number of 1973, Individuals with Disabilities necessitateing Act ( intellect), and the students who qualify for ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages). Academic leaders who ensure complaisance among these regulations and educate themselves on the steal instructional practices, will kosherly dish out their teachers and students in finding pedantic success.Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was originated to ban intolerance and expel obstacles against some(prenominal) person who has a disability but who does not qualify for Special bringing up Services in an schoolman setting. The objective of Section 504 is to provide ingress to federally funded programs for students who qualify for this regulation. Educational organizations are required by law to offer an equivalent and equitable education to students who pass water a disability and who need modifications and accommodations in order to be successful in any educational program or service.When providing services and curriculum under Section 504, administrators at my aspect hire school must ensure their teachers are supplying students with the correct accommodations and modifications. Accommodations permit the students to obtain the same caterpillar track of development as a general education student without making changes to their consortwork. Students who qualify for Section 504 at my outcome hear school receive additional time to complete assignments, changes in the presentation and oral communication of the subject matter, provided with a setting that is comfortable for the student to complete his/her work within, and an environment that will help oneself students acces s the same information as their general education peers.There are numerous zippy administrative implications under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. My reference study school administrators educate and pack themselves in the process of identifying, assessing, and providing the right accommodations and modifications for students who qualify for Section 504. When principals take the time to help carry through 504 Plans, they chouse exactly what the qualifying student needs in order to be successful in an academic setting. Additionally, the administrators I work with must continually be aware of their students academic statuses, continually provide students with proper assistance, and offer their teachers the correct professional development opportunities to keep up with current research-based teaching methods and strategies.Jane Doe, my case study school administrator, has educated herself on the purpose of Section 504. She follows all guidelines and educates her tea chers, staff, stakeholders, and students on the importance of protecting students with impairments from diversity that whitethorn be related to their specific and individual disabilities. Ms. Doe similarly knows that the evaluation and placement procedures for students who may qualify for a 504 Plan requires that the students specific information must be obtained from a variety of certain sources and that all prior, current, and post data must be documented and con arrayred during the entire evaluation and decision making process.In addition, my case study administrator knows it is of equal importance to consistently inform parents about the Section 504 process. Parents need to be in effect educated on this entire process and learn how they can assist their child at home. The administrative team at my case study school consistently impress themselves in the 504 Plan process by sending home the required notices to parents regarding identification, evaluation, and/or placement in addition to notification of the periodic reevaluations of students with 504 plans. Although Section 504 does not specify any timelines for initial placement, the previous the detection, evaluation, and eligibility, the earlier interventions can be put into place for the success of the student who has been given a 504 Plan.Students at my case study school who have 504 Plan accommodations and modifications remain with their peers in a basic education classroom throughout the day and are provided with equal and equitable access to their coursework. Their teachers are dependent in the land of educating students with 504 plans and provide students with the accommodations and modifications they need to find success in their classes.My case study school principal takes an dynamic role in the identification, evaluation, and planning of all 504 implications. She assists in the decision making process and communicates openly and effectively with the parents and other family members in th e 504 educational planning for each feature student in my case study school. She also informs all stakeholders of 504 eligibility rates and gives them the strategies that will be implemented to help these students succeed in their school, union and life.The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal mandate that regulates how educational agencies supply children with disabilities early intervention services, superfluous education classes, and additional assistance that is equitable to a general education student who does not have a disability. The services under the IDEA law are offered to children from birth to age 21. Students who qualify for services under the IDEA Act are taught with standards based approaches that include evidence of performance goals and indicators within their individualize Education Plan (IEP).My case study school uses a curricular approach, also known as standards based education when planning the educational future for the students who qualify for IDEA. This type of standards based education, has four intrinsic parts to assist students in achieving academic success. First, guidelines are made for what students should know and be able to do at various grade take aims in my case study school (grades 9-12). Next, the curriculum for each particular student is then designed. This curriculum is based on the initial guidelines of standards based education and the grade level of each particular student. Depending on the chosen curricula for each student, teachers must then devise personalized and differientiated course work and effective instructional strategies that will assist in the students academic success. These strategies must be captivate for each individual student. Finally, students are evaluated at different junctures in their school career to determine how headspring my case study school is assisting students to meet the set standards. Standard based education is the best pass away for the students a t my case study school. By setting high standards, individualizing the curriculum and instruction, and holding teachers accountable for how comfortably their students are meeting the standards will help educational quality rise for all our students. (Jane Doe, January 25, 2010).Parents of the students who fall under the IDEA provisions, must receive written notice that pertains to the identification, evaluation, and placement of their child in any excess education program. The administrative team at my case study school ensures this mandate is followed. They specifically write and send home these notices to parents and control the meetings that pertain to special education classes. My case study administrator feels it is outstanding to develop relationships with these parents so they are educated and comfortable with their childs IEP (Individualized Educational Plan). In addition, she has essential a Family Education Night specifically for parents of students who fall under the IDEA provisions. By developing family educational programs and other support programs for parents of students with disabilities, she is educating and engaging the families so they can share the decision making process for students with stupendous learning needs. My case study administrator also provides ongoing communication and collaborates with them as well as other administrators in similar instructional settings to improve the special education services at her school.My case study administrator ensures her teachers are using effective instructional strategies for the success of her students who are placed in her school through the IDEA mandates. In order for her to supply these students with a Free, Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), Ms. Doe and her administrative team work with all special education teachers to assist in the specially designed instruction that will meet the distinctive needs of students with disabilities. Ms. Doe also gives her teachers and herself the opp ortunity to attend numerous professional development offerings. It is at these meetings that her and her schools teachers learn about the important research-based instructional strategies and programs that will have the more or less profound affect on the students who are protected by the IDEA rules and regulations. My case study administrator wants her teachers to learn the most effective and specially designed instruction for the usefulness of their students. All students at my school will be given the fullest educational opportunity where they will learn how to overcome their disability and find success in school and life. (Jane Doe, January 27, 2011).In addition to the mandates and guidelines for students with disabilities, there are also regulations and laws that must be followed for our English Language Learner (ELL) education. Administrators must ensure their academic institutions are providing ELLs with programs that utilize scientifically researched based materials and s trategies. They must also ensure the teachers who are instructing ELL students are ESOL certified or endorsed.Choosing the remove programs, lessons, and strategies for ELL students is important to their success in acquiring English language skills while also becoming successful learners. In order for my case study school to be in compliance with state and federal mandates, the administrative team ensures their ELL students are given equal access to all curricular realms at the school, modifications are made in all subject areas within the classroom, and the ELL students are given appropriate resources to assist in the acquisition of the English language.In the U.S. Supreme dally Case, Lau vs. Nichols of 1974, it states that all ELL students should have equal access to the same programs as basic education students. My case study school is in compliance with this mandate. They comply by testing ELL students in their native language to see if the student qualifies for our school dist ricts Gifted Program or the Advanced Placement (AP) classes. This programmatic access allows the ELL population the chance to advance their learning even though they may not be proficient speakers, readers or writers of the English language. yet though a student may not be able to speak the English language, that student may still be eligible for Gifted and or Advanced Placement (AP) Programs. (Jane Doe, January 27, 2011).While access to all academic programs in school is a mandate for all ELL students, the teachers of these programs must also make academically appropriate modifications for the ELL students in order for them to achieve academic success. Under the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court Case, Castaneda vs. Pickard of 1981, school districts are required to follow specific guidelines in programs serving ELL students. One specific guideline within my case study schools ELL Program is that all work assigned to ELL students must be modified to the level and understanding of that parti cular ELL student.This same court case mandates that ELL programs must be given adequate resources and personnel. My case study school complies by this ruling by the hiring and training of a bilingual ESOL instructional assistant to work with the ELL students in their native language. This person attends classes with ELL students to help translate the lesson or activity the teacher is delivering to the student in their native language. This ESOL instructional Assistant is a resource the students in the ESOL program need to utilize for their success in academics and in their success of the English language acquisition.My case study administrator also provides the ELL students with the appropriate resources and textbooks for their learning. All ELL students are given a textbook in English and a textbook in their native language. This allows them to have a side by side resource to learn from. It also allows them to be able to translate the information more efficiently and effectively. In addition, my case study administrator sends the teachers of ELL students to appropriate professional development trainings so they can learn the newest and most influential researched-based activities for our ELL students to learn from.

A Strategic Report on Emirates Airlines Essay

It is important to study of any business, particularly in a international environment of rapidly changing contexts. In this regard, there ar several core strategies that trouble involve to consider and monitor in reviewing the ongoing perpetrateance of their business. In order to respond to change effectively, management must regularly assess its efficiency in several different areas of the motion of within ph one and only(a)r life. Management strategists need to identify their emulous advantages, properly position themselves and clearly identify their competitiveness in the tradeplaceplace.Therefore, management must constantly break up and respecify their business objectives as soundly as setting virgin strategic goals to keep up their operations in a dynamic environment. Airlines Industry We live in a beingness- replete(p) valet de chambre that is more interconnected than at any time in history. In combination with broad changes to the communications manufacture and the rapid spread of information via the Internet, the world constantly experiences 24 hour a day movement of data, goods, services, and throng motive proponenting every corner of the world in less than one day.As quoted by Oxford Economics, every day in the skies above us our orbiculateized world has presbyopic been woven together by a web of flights, creating ever-expanding social and stinting nedeucerks across the artificial satellite. (Aviation The Real World Wide Web 2008, p. 7). In 2011, for example, airways transported 2. 8 billion passengers and 47. 6 million measured tons of air cargo and actively connected the worlds cities with 36,000 routes. (The Travel & Tourism competitiveness Report 2013, p. 7).In addition to the transport of goods, business travel has as well grown as companies conk increasely internationally focused. As a answer, airline industry is a strategic sector having a crucial role in other industries globalization. According to The airline in dustry, the outlook for the air travel industry is one of strong growth, but it will non be without challenge. Those airlines that would be able to deal with their make up and enhance their product would be successful.An example of the commercialise threats for airlines was seen in 2009, when airline businesses faced global economic downfall and everywhereall industry-wide losses of $9. 4 billion caused by high oil prices, long global recessions, falling demands, fierce price-cutting, collapsing yields revenue per mile and low consumer confidence. A result, the demand for air travel decreased, and the market contracted resulting in global bankruptcies and necessary shrinkage in networks and service levels.Although Emirate Airlines faced the same challenges as other airlines, it performed remarkably easily against prevailing industry norms despite the worldwide increasing contraction (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p471). This gaucherie study will further explore the strategies compe titive advantages used by Emirates management team to perform in such a competitive market. Emirates Airlines Samthomasuae s weblog post (2011) covers that Emirates Airlines, k at presentn as Emirates, is part of the Emirates throng which has become a reputation for aviation, travel and touristry.The group is owned by the Dubai Government. Emirates is connected to all continents in the world with one hundred and twenty destinations over six continents. Therefore, with more than 50 business units and associated firms, Emirates is one of the largest employers in the Middle eastbound. Emirates is the seventh largest in the world based on the number of carried international passengers, and 4th largest in the world in terms of scheduled international passenger kilometre flown.Within the premier 11 years of operation, it has doubled its size every 3. years (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p485). History Emirates started its business in 1985 with two aircrafts, a Boeing 737 and an Airbus 300 B4, with start-up capital of $10 million. Emirates made history by generating of profit within ball club months of operations, and It went on the further school its international routes by adding modern destinations such as Bombay, Colombo, Dhaka and Cairo. The result of this bold expansion strategy was that within two years, Emirates had added European destinations including the key city of London, as well as several other new key European destinations.The success of the global strategy of Emirates is non due to the fact that the airline is wholly owned by the Government of Dubai, or because they have reliable inadvertent government protection but is clearly a case study in the capital punishment of a successful global competition strategy, in particular taking advantage of Dubais open-skies polity which enables Emirates to benefit from the liberalization of international aviation rules and regulations. Emirates, therefore, received initial start-up investment from the Gove rnment of Dubai, but it now successfully operates as a wholly independent business entity.Emirates successfully carried 35 million passengers by 2012, representing 50% of total airport capacity (emirates. n. d. ). Emirates market share among realmal competitors According to Articlebase weblog post (2010) Emirates Airlines has developed to become highly reputable in the Asian Pacific Continent. The attach to has pulled itself up very well in the realm and as seen from the go steady 1, it is the some successful association in the region.Figure 1-Emirate region market share Emirates financial highlights According to Emirates annual chronicle (2013), Emirates revenue (including operating costs) in 2012-13, reached US$19. billion, representing a 17. 4% increase over the financial year of 2011-12. Net profit was US$622 million, reflecting the enormous impact that fuel prices continue to exert on the airline industry. Emirate airlines reported that their profit margin was 3. 1% and the companies cash in hand at the end of financial year 2012-13 was US$6. 7 Billion. The company also reports that more people continue to choose Emirates with the number of passengers flown in 2012-13 totalling 39 million, a 16% increase over the previous financial year.Figure 2, Emirate financial highlight/Source Emirates Annual report 2013 Key Success Factors in the airline industry In order to be successful in the airline industry, various factors such as differentiation, alliances, strong brand name and relation with suppliers are mandatory to be considered. Differentiation Airlines tend to be differentiated by offering advanced services. For instance, latest technology, e-ticketing and wide seats which may distinguish the company among other competitors. affectionate brand name Airlines build a strong brand name by means of different techniques like ffering prizes, frequent flyer programs.Alliances The airlines tends to pass water alliances which enable them to share their resources through linking their network. it also helps them to share experiences which result in lower operating cost. The Emirates has neer joined to any cargo or passenger alliances as they see some anti-competitive elements in them and would be a brake on Emirates business plan. (The public affair journal of emirates, 2009). the only recent collaborator of emirate is Quantas from Australia. Relations with supplierAirlines need to have long term contract with the suppliers to keep them safe in case of increasing prices. surroundal analysis of Emirates Macro Environmental Analysis PESTEL analysis of Emirates PESTLE analyse focuses on external factors and gives a strategic overview of the various macro-environmental factors that the company needs to take into account, the PESTEL analyse has been conducted on Emirates. The PESLE analyse is also a useful strategic tool to interpret market growth or decline, business position, say-so, and direction for future operations.PoliticalEm irates and most of the countries in the Asian continent have sign inclusive business agreements as well as with several countries in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the USA. Such dealinghips facilitate bankrupt political cooperation and trade opportunities between countries, including the growth of the aviation sector. These agreements have opened up several world markets and provided opportunities for Emirates to grow its network. Emirates is strengthened by the support of the Government of Dubai by providing infrastructure developments to boost the growth of Dubai and Emirates. unhopeful fees and charges at Dubai Airport same opportunities for all the air carriers provided by the open skies form _or_ system of government the low revenue form _or_ system of government encouraging the companies and businesses which boost the economy in Dubai and the easy immigration legislation of Dubai Government alter companies to secure entry visas and work permits for foreign workers to ful fil their labour requirements are other beneficial policy for Emirates. In contrast, a potential problem for Emirates is the ongoing political instability in theMiddle East region which has the potential to hinder for the further growth of Emirates. (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p482). Economic The sustainable rate of a ripening economy in the region, in particular the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has increased the overall level of household income and affordability of people to use air transportation. About 3. 5 billion people are living within the gas constant of eight hour flight from Dubai and , therefore, such a huge financially stable population generates an ever- increasing demand for air travel in the region.There is an exceptional shift in the aviation market demand, customer choices, and travel behaviour that is changing rapidly which has been evidenced by Nataraja et al (2011, p483). The reason Emirates has experienced phenomenal rise over the past few years is that the regi onal governments are streamlining their economic policies to case the growth of the airline industry.This has reflected in growth rates, overall income and potential investments in Dubai among other companies in the tourism industry and the world business. socialNataraja et al (2011, p483) state that well-designed strategic management system is sound in the Emirates Company, but this could be compromised if attention is not given to personnel development in the organization. Personnel issues are adversely affecting airline businesses globally and employees are becoming increasingly aware of their high market value and potential. An abundance of multicultural workforce having lower expectation in the region in which Emirates operates is a social advantage in comparison to the expectations of employees from countries namely the USA and UK, Emirates experiences a significant difference in labour costs.Most of the organizations in the UAE are using only 10 precent of their operating ex penses to pay their employees and this class includes Emirates, in comparison to more Westernized businesses which use up to 40 precent of their operating expenses for the same purpose. Consequently, the Airline has benefited extensively and made good profits on these grounds. Technology In response to the advances in technology over the past two decades, Emirates has been able to take the advantage of technology in its operation.Since Emirates has spread its wing globally to serve diverse customers who require global technology, it has invested more resources to place each individual market. Emirates is benefiting from a champion global system that is distributed in 14 languages which supports payments in 42 currencies. (Nataraja et al,2011, p483). As it is demonstrated in figure 1, Emirates is interestingly positioned as the youngest and most modern fleets in worldwide commercial aviation industry.The company aims to be a pioneer in technological advances such as in-flight mobil e phone coverage to develop and expand the use of mobile phones on-board. Figure 3 , comparison of Airlines average fleet age Emirates airlines has also invested in a trip planning system which allows the planning of trips that aim to achieve of time savings and fuel led which lead to obvious costs savings but also reduced emissions. performance of this new technology, called Flextracks, saves approximately 10 million liters of fuel as well as 772 hours in travel time in five years of operation. atwonline, 2011)Emirates airline has also recently used the latest airbus 380 aircraft which is know to be environmentally friendly because it consumes less fuel. Technology utilized by provides many time eat benefits such as the development of online ticket purchase which increases customer convenience and satisfaction and the likelihood of parallel business. Environment Organizations have various obligations to formulate and implement strategies from an environmental perspective.Increas ing numbers of firms are implementing tougher environmental regulations as they make economic comprehend because of conservation of natural resources and air pollution control in the region. They preserve and conserve natural resources and control pollution in the region making good sense from a cost saving perspective as well as a public relations perspectives(Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p484). Emirates reports a vision to make their company an environmental leader in the aviation and travel industries with a goals to make sustainable and eco-efficient operation in the air and on the ground.Interestingly, as part of a global trend towards environmental consciousness, Emirates considers their customers, staff and regulators to be increasingly aware of the environment and emission of greenhouse gases and the company has , therefore, committed to environmentally-responsible operations through the Groups Environmental Policy. This policy is implemented through the Environment programme ( Emirates environment policy,2013) , which is communicated to customers, staff and stakeholders.The company also reports different environmental considerations to be advantageous from a business perspective because becoming an ecologically-efficient organisation enables them to become economically sustainable, when it comes to consumption of few resources and whilst using fewer resources and causing less pollution. These strategies in turn, reduce labour and overall company expenses. Legal In the past, most governments within the Asian continent and in the Asia-Pacific region operated under a paternal government policy and felt that they had to protect airlines against external factors.The recent changes in the economic policies of these governments have allowed airlines to compete more openly having their own economic model without worrying about government hindrances in order to preserve their competitive advantage. In addition, less government control allows the company to operat e more freely in the region with less legal impediments in the region resulting in a positive growth and an exceptional performance (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p484). Emirates-porters five forces Porters 5 forces model is used by businesses to evaluate the environment that a company is competing in.Strategies implemented by Emirates also are a function of environment in which it operates. (Elnamaki, MSS 2007). By using Five Forces Analysis we are able to identify who are the Emirates competitors and where are potential threats which aspect in Emirates should be improved and focused on and to analyse whether Emirates and its industry is attractive or destructive. Threat of new entrant There are many barriers that dissuade new entrants in the airline industry. Enter to the market depends on how many barriers exist.Airlines high capital cost positively affect Emirates Airline. Strong brand value is critical to compete. Emirates is a high brand value that cannot be copied because it is a long time it has been operating, and markets heavily depend on its services. Advanced technologies are kind of barrier for a new entrant as they need to develop and implement them before effectively competing Based on Emirates loyalty programs, customers are loyal to Emirates. Building a value brand needs money and time and it uses resources which not to be allocated to compete in the marketplace.Based on the above factors the threat of new entrant is weak. The dicker power of customers Due to buyer price sensitivity, it is difficult to compete with competitive prices of budget carriers but Emirates compensates by offering world class food, services, comfort and in-flight entertainment, world class service, A380 aircrafts, choices of menu for the elite class, its own cliquish terminal, and non-stop direct flights to various routes including some of the worlds longest non-stop direct flights. I suggest that this power is moderate.

Cartel and E-books Essay

The article I selected concerns the upcoming antitrust trial of orchard apple tree for colluding with publishers to raise the price of e- defends (Chen & Bosman, 2013). wherefore was the firm investigated for antitrust behavior?orchard apple tree was investigated, as well as several publishing companies for conspiring to victuals e-book prices high. virago is the biggest retailer of e-books, and the publishing business has been thrown into chaos by the popularity of e-books. Publishing companies used the superannuated publishing model of selling e-books like print books where the publisher sells the book to the retailer, like Amazon or Apple, at about half the price of the cover price and the retailer can sell the book at whatever price it chooses. (Chen & Bosman, 2013)Apple entered into contracts with publishers that use an agency model to price e-books. This meant that publishers would coif the price of e-books, and the retailer would get 30% of the sale price as profit. Apple also stipulated that publishers could not set a price lower than the price in Apples e-book store. (Chen & Bosman, 2013)This action by Apple was investigated because the primary purpose of these contracts was to keep the e-book prices higher, and to reduce competition between booksellers. Amazon, the giant in the market, would not be able to compete on price, and e-books would cost consumers more.Identify some of the costs (pecuniary and nonpecuniary) associated with the antitrust behavior (firms having military group in the market). Additionally, note the specific antitrust act (Sherman Act, Clayton Act, etc.) under which the violation was investigated.The pecuniary cost of the actions of Apple is that consumers go away pay more m atomic number 53y for books, and Apple, as well as other book sellers, will not have to compete on price with Amazon who dominates the market. This will cost Amazon, and booksellers and publishers may groom more money at the expense of consumers. The non-pecuniary cost will be that books will not be as available at low prices to consumers who want them, but cannot afford the price.Price fixing is a violation of section 2 of the Clayton Act of 1914. This act prohibits price discrimination that is not based on cost differences that reduces competition. (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2012)Given your investigate and findings, are monopolies and oligopolies (firms demonstrating power) always bad for society? Be sure to result real world exercises of where this may be the case to strengthen your position. Provide at least one example of a case where having a monopoly or oligopoly may actually benefit the society.According to my research in this case, Amazons demonstration of oligopoly power is good for society because e-book prices are lower when Amazon tries to block other competitors from entering the e-book market, and more e-books are then available to the public. This is a good real-world example of the positive influence that an oligopoly can have for society, and an example of how regulation is needed, and anti-trust laws, when oligopolies use collusion to compete sort of of letting the free-market operate. ReferencesChen, B. X., & Bosman, J. (2013, June 2). E-book antitrust trial of Apple to begin. The New York Times. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.com/ McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2012).Economics (19th ed.).Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com//books/0077587766/pages/50192724

October Sky Essay

Having impudence in yourself versus listening to others can be beneficial in your dreams. kor Hickam, a 17 year of age(predicate) young man from Coalwood, West Virginia, struggles with his wants and e actually angiotensin-converting enzyme elses wants. homer is looking to achieve his soulal goals of exemption, determination, and in depend of confidence. Homer is looking for a better life story outside of Coalwood, with the luck of freedom from the mining townsfolksfolk. Homer has a hard date keeping his morals in perspective as his begin discourages him to progress to on the rockets, making him even more determined to succeed.At the same Homer is trying to soak up the confidence to follow his goals despite his set outs requests. Choice of Freedom Homers opportunity for freedom starts on October 4, 1957, while he sits watching the Sputnik launch into orbit from the television. As he starts his journey, he realizes that his go does non want to hear of his quest. This cr eates a new ch entirelyenge for Homer to accomplish freedom. For example, Homer sets his goal with freedom from Coalwood. It all starts with the statement from Homers catch, Cant dream your right smart out of Coalwood.With this statement Homer looks at this as a challenge and starts to design and build his rocket. He starts with risking his own reputation in high school as he sits down next to Quentin. From at that place it starts as a journey for himself to be aim some affaire more. Ms. Riley starts to see the interest Homer has with rockets and the potential. She approaches him with the idea of the County Science Fair. A promise if you win you will go onto disciplines in Indianapolis. This is his first small taste of freedom for Homer.AUK 1 first rocket begins production this is Homers attempt to leave Coalwood and be somebody. The next thing Homer realizes is his father does not approve. As they get into an argument, Homer states Im neer dismissal down there, referring to t he coal mines. With the start of this disagreement, it encourages Homer to strive even more to gain his freedom with rebellion. Determination over Pride Homer and Quentin start to review the process of the rocket. They were recently blamed for one of their rockets going lacking(p) and creating a forest fire.After Homer reviews all concepts, he realizes there is no way that rocket could have created that fire. With that, his determination kicks in, and they prove they did not do it. With that concern behind him he then focuses back on the rockets and starts again where it all began the basement of his home. As his father approaches him on missing work that day to prove to Mr. Turner the principal and Ms Riley they didnt start the fire his father wants him back in the mines. With that Homer responds I dont work there anymore. He stands his ground with his father.After the fight begins between Homer and his father Homer yells at his father with petulance and determination. His pride has been left aside for this moment. The coal mine is your life, not mine. Homer realizes his goal and dreams ar closer than he ever thought. His determination gets the best of him as Homer states he will never look back and cant wait to leave. Once again that taste of freedom is in his reach with the determination stirring him straight ahead. Just for him to gather the strength to take on his father and say what he feels was a major accomplishment to what he wants in his life.His determination becomes stronger once his father gets shot at by a town male due to the union strikes at the mine. He does not want to stay in Coalwood as he whops in time it will change up and the mine will shut down. Homer realizes his determination once he stays up all night finding the way to prove they didnt set the forest fire with that rocket. His briny focus is proving his father wrong he will be somebody. People in town snarl the only ones who leave are the athletic ones on scholarships. Homer i s setting his determination in proving to the town they are wrong in believing in this theory.He had determination to win even when all his items were stolen at the National Convention. Confidence in Hiding Homers confidence is compiled as he gets the support of his father, the one person he was want approval from. Once Homer won the National Science Fair his confidence was surpassed by the meeting of his icon Warren Van Braun. Then to know he had won scouts for colleges were approaching him as he flinged out with his new medal. He had proven the town wrong with achieving such a goal. Once Homer returned back to Coalwood the town greeted him and applauded him on his victory.Homer was not a jock who just received a scholarship from a college no he was a 17 year old boy who became a man overnight. For once the attention was focused on Homer and not his brother Jim who received a scholarship for football. Homer approaches his father at the mine after(prenominal) he realized his dad did not welcome him home. Homer walks up to him to invite him to the oddment rocket shooting event his father actualises a comment to him How was it meeting your hero? His father did this with a snide remark almost of jealously.Homer does not stand down he approaches his father with confidence that he done the unimaginable. Homer states back to him about the qualities of being hard headed and stubborn they are very much alike. In the closing statement Homer responds with I come to believe I got it in me to be somebody in this world. Van Braun is not his hero, his father is the man he looks up to. I hope to be half the man you are Homers lowest comment as he walks away to shoot the rocket. The town gains confidence in Homers dream. They supported him when it came to when someone stole his items from the convention.Everyone pulled together to show their support for Homer. Mr. Ballard was the one who spent the extra time to get this piece remade to his mother stepping up to his fat her to end the strike to have this done. Homer aphorism this display of support which built his confidence even more. Keep Shooting for the Stars Freedom, determination, and confidence are what make a dream come true. Homer realized all these qualities to help him keep his focus to achieving his goal. As the town gathers for the final shooting of the rocket, Homer watches for a certain person to arrive.He sees everyone arriving he starts to walk towards Valentine, Dorothy walks up to him and offers a date with her. Homer has gained confidence enough to see what is the most important things in his life. Valentine was one who was there for him when Dorothy rejected him for his brother all over a scholarship for football. Dorothy was only seeking an easy way out. As he starts to thank the town for all their support he pauses after he says his thank you to his mother as right then his father arrives. Homer then walks up to his father and offers him to push the rocket launch button.AS t hey walk towards to safe house for the rocket creation his father puts his hand on his shoulder. This was a new sign of confidence for Homer as his father approves. In the end the Rocket Boys all achieve greatness. The most important person is Homer he received his scholarship then completed college. He later in life achieves the goal of becoming NASA engineer who trains the astronauts for space shuttle missions. Homer made the sentence I come to believe I got it in me to be somebody in this world a true statement.